Design Aspects /

Constraints of BJT and

MOSFET Amplifiers for
Industrial Applications

- Y S CHARAN
Sr Post Silicon Validation Engineer
Tessolve Semiconductor - Bengaluru
 CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Amplifiers basics
3. bjt amps
• 4 fet amps
• 5 bjt amplifiers - industrial applications
• 6 fet amplifiers - industrial applications
• 7 considerations & constraints for BJT amps
• 8 considerations & constraints for FET amps
• 9 Hybrid scenarios and involved fab process
• 10 conclusion
INTRODUCTION
 A QUICK REVIEW

• Charge - Fundamental building block of entire

electronics industry.
• Electric field, Voltage, Current, resistance,
capacitance & inductance – derived effects from
charge
• Semiconductor – Prime material for the enormous
growth & rapid development of technology
• BJT & MosFET – key components that had
revolutionized the life & living
BJT - Bipolar Junction Transistor
• Three terminal device –
Emitter Base & Collector
• Transfer of resistance -
Current controlled device
• Back to back connection
of 2 PN diodes
• 2 junctions – Emitter base
& Collector Base
• 2 types – PNP & NPN
3 Different regions of operation
1. Cut off - acts as a OFF switch
2. Saturation – acts as a ON switch,
3. Linear - acts as an AMPLIFIER.
 MOSFET
Metal Oxide semiconductor Field Effect transistor
• 4 terminal device – Gate, source, Drain & Substrate
• Transfer of resistance – Voltage controlled device
• 2 junctions – Source substrate & Drain substrate
• 2 types – PMOS & NMOS
• 2 models – Enhancement mode & Depletion mode
Enhancement & Depletion MOSFETS
PMOS & NMOS
3 Different regions of operation
1. Cut off - acts as a OFF switch
2. Saturation – acts as a ON switch,
3. Linear - acts as an AMPLIFIER.
2. AMPLIFIERS BASICS
• Amplifier - An amplifier is an electronic device or
circuit which is used to increase the magnitude of the
signal applied to its input

Amplifier operation – water tank analogy

Amplifying Device – BJT, FET or Op-amp

Ideal amplifier – has three

main properties:
1. Input Resistance or (RIN),
2. Output Resistance or (ROUT)
3. Amplification rate or Gain or
(A)..
• Amplifier Gain
• The relationship between the signal measured at the output with
the signal measured at the input.
• Three different kinds of amplifier gain
– Voltage Gain ( Av ),
– Current Gain ( Ai )
– Power Gain ( Ap )
• depends upon the quantity being measured
Hybrid Amplifier
• Hybrid amplifier –
BICMOS Diff amp
– developed using both
BJT & MosFETS
• Advantages
– Infinite input resistance
– Zero input bias current
• Dis advantage
– High input offset
voltage compared to
BJT input circuit
– Complex fabrication
process
 considerations & constraints for BJT
amps
• Input impedance
• Output impedance
• Gain
• Frequency response
• Output signal swing
• Power Dissipation
 considerations & constraints for FET
amps
• Input impedance
• Output impedance
• Gain
• Frequency response
• Output signal swing
• Power Dissipation
 Industrial applications
• Operational amplifiers
• Active filters
• Oscillators
• Schmitt trigger circuits
• Power amplifiers
• Comparators
• Level shifters
• Voltage regulators
• ADC & DAC
 Multi stage amplifiers
• Insufficient voltage and power gain of an single stage amplifier in a practical
application leads to the design of multistage amplification
• the output of first stage fed as input to next stage - cascading
• cascading is also done to achieve correct input and output impedance
• multistage amplifiers can be classified into 2 types.
• cascade amplifier – parallel connection of stages
• cascode amplifier – serial connection of stages
• When the amplifiers are cascaded, - coupling network should be used between
output of one amplifier and input of following amplifier. This type of coupling is
called as inter stage coupling.
• 3 types of coupling techniques
• Resistance-capacitance (RC) coupling:
– has satisfactory frequency response.
– the signal developed across the collector resistor RC of each stage i.e
coupled through output coupling capacitor CC to the base of next
stage.
– Cc isolates the DC conditions of first stage to the following stages.
• Transformer coupling: Signal develops across the primary
winding of the transformer which is act as an load .
– Secondary winding transfers the ac output signal directly to the base of
next stage.
– Ad - Such technique increases the overall gain and level impedance
matching.
– Dis ad - transformer with broad frequency response is very expensive.
• Direct coupled: AC output signal is fed directly to the next
stage, no reactance is used in coupling network.
– It is used when amplification of low frequency signal is to be done
• In analysis of multistage amplifiers we
need to look out different key
parameters.
– Voltage Gain: Voltage of multistage amplifier is
equal to the product of voltage gain of
individual stages.
– Current Gain: Current gain of multistage
amplifiers is equal to the product of current gain
of individual stages
– Input impedance : it is the impedance of first
stage
– Output impedance : Its is the impedance of last
stage.
BJT Cascade Amplifier – AC coupled
BJT Cascode Amplifier – DC coupled

• This is a CE – CB
combination.
• This arrangement
provides high input
impedance but a low
voltage gain.
• The low voltage gain
reduces the Miller
Input Capacitance
therefore this
combination works
well in high frequency
applications.
 BJT Darlington pair BJT feedback pair
• This is a two-transistor circuit that
operates like a Darlington pair.
• It has similar characteristics: high
current gain, voltage gain of near 1,
low output impedance and high
input impedance.
• Note: it is not the Darlington
configuration: Darlington: 2 NPN -
BJTs Feedback Pair: PNP driving
• This combination provides an NPN -BJT
large current gain,
typically a few thousand.
• It has a voltage gain of
near 1, a low output
impedance and a high
input impedance.
Multi stage amplifiers - FET
 Role of Fabrication Process
• Role of technology node
– Device size shrinking
– High voltage and high current restrictions
– Signal damage & noise interference
• Fabrication Challenges
– In efficient transfer of design on to silicon
– Conductivity & doping concentrations
– Latch up, manufacturing defects & reliability
issues
conclusion
quiries
 Brief Intro of TESSOLVE

• Testing + Solutions
• Providing solutions for Semiconductor Industry
& pioneer in Semiconductor Device testing
• Established by P.Rajamanikkam in 2004 at
Bengaluru
• Partnered with Hero Group under electronix
venture in 2016
• Successfully finished 15 years of service to
Semiconductor industry
• spread over to 6 different locations in (India)
• Bengaluru (HQ) (3 offices), Coimbatore,
Vishakhapatnam & Bhubaneswar
• We had also expanded our business to 5
different locations across the world.
• Germany, USA, Singapore, Malaysia, China
• Our business expands through various
domains of semiconductor services by
establishments & acquisitions.
 Tessolve Journey
IC Testing (Lynxemi - Singapore)

Failure analysis (STPI Smart Lab – Karnataka govt)

PCB Design (Caliber Infotech )

PCB Manufacturing (Spectrum integrated technologies

– Malaysia )

Embedded system design (TES systems)

VLSI design, training & services (AIMS

technology & Laksh semicvonductor).
• We are growing rapidly with an employee count of
~2000.
• We perform both Wafer level and package level
device Testing
• We have many tester machines in-house and also
work remotely.
 • LTH – low scale
Verigy – V93000 • CTH – High scale
 Eagle Test Systems
ETS – 364 ETS - 88
 Teradyne - FLEX
Micro FLEX Integra FLEX
Key customers
 key qualities at tessolve
• A good team work
• proper management,
• People with strong technical background along with
work life balance
• These were the key qualities for the successful journey
& rapid growth of Tessolve
• Thus we were pioneer in Semiconductor Device
Testing
• Soon we expect & evolve as one of the leading
Semiconductor companies delivering the services right
from design to market.
• Thank you