LOCOMOTION SYSTEMS

SMA
• Locomotion
• Functions of skeleton • Types of muscles
• Bone structure • Muscle contraction
• Bone formation • Types of antagonistic movements
• Types of bones
• Parts of human skeleton
• Joints
• ? Movement and Locomotion?
• ? Do all living organisms move?
• ? Why do we need to move?
A. SKELETAL SYSTEM
Human skeleton is an endoskeleton made of 206 bones.
1. Functions of Endoskeleton
• Support; forms a strong framework for the body and gives shape.
• Movement; provides attachment sites for muscles.
• Protection: of internal organs like ...
• Production of blood cells
• Storage of minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
2. Bone Structure
Bone is made of bone cells and calcified intercellular substance.
3. Bone Formation
Bone formation by osteoblast cells and bone degredation by
osteoclast cells continue for life time.
Calcium, phosphate, vitamins A,C,D and growth hormones are needed
for healthy bone growth.
 During bone formation, growth of cartilage tissue and ossification
(changing of cartilage to bone) happen at the same time.
Increase in bone length is because of the acitivity of the cartilage
cells in the epiphyseal plate.
Increase in bone diameter is due to activity of periosteum.
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• What is the name of the bone forming cell?
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• Which part of the bone is responsible for increase in length of the
bone?
a) periosteum
b) marrow
c) epiphyseal plate
d) spongy bone
e) osteon
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Which mineral is stored the most in bones?
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• What is the name of bone dissolving cell?
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• Which type of skeleton do humans have?
4. Types of Bones
Long bones
• Femur, fibula, tibia, humerus, radius and ulna are our long bones.
Flat bones
• Sternum, ribs, scapula, skull, hip bones are flat bones.
Short bones

• Vertebrae, bones of hand and foot are short bones.

5. Parts of Human Skeleton
Human skeleton is made of axial and appendicular skeletons.
• Axial (80): vertebral column (33), ribs (24), sternum(1), skull (22)
• Appendicular(126): pectoral girdle(4), upper limbs(60), pelvic
girdle(2), lower limbs(60)
6. Joints
Joints are connection points of bones. Joints allow movement.
There are 3 types of joints in human body;
i. Immovable (synarthrosis); bones of skull (cranial and facial)
 ii. Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis); cervical, thoracic and lumbar
vertebrae.
iii. Movable (diarthrosis, synovial)

In synovial joints, cartilage and synovial fluid reduce friction and act as
a shock absorber.
 There are few types of movable joints;
* Hinge joint allows movement in one axis
only. Examples are knee and elbow joints.
 * Ball and socket joint allows movement
in many axis. Examples are hip and
shoulder joints.
 * Cylindrical (pivot) joint allows rotation
in one axis. Examples are atlas-occipital
joint and radius-ulna joints.
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B. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Functions;
• Movement of the body by
pulling the bones
• Mechanical digestion and
peristalsis
• Pumping blood
• Breathing
1. Muscle cell (myocyte / muscle fibre)
Muscle cell is scpecialised for contraction.
Muscle cell contains;
• special protein fibres (actin and myosin) which help in contraction
• large number of mitochondria to provide energy.
Muscle cell parts are named differently like:
Cell membrane  sarcolemma
Cytoplasm  sarcoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum  sarcoplasmic reticulum
 Most muscle cells contract and relax in response to nerve stimulus.
During their contraction, muscle cells convert chemical energy into
mechanical energy.
2. Types of muscles
 Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones. They can pull and move
the bones.
Cardiac (heart) muscle push blood into arteries.
 Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs. This type of
muscle contracts automatically.
3. Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
Muscle cells have two types of protein fibres; actin and myosin.
Myosin is thicker than actin.
These two fibres form contracting units called sarcomeres inside the
muscle cells.
 During muscle contraction, H zone and I bands shorten, A band
doesn’t change.
4. Types of Muscle Movements
Our limbs are usually moved by antagonistic muscles. These are pair
of muscles working against each other to move a part of body. When
one of them contracts, the other one relaxes.
 For example, when the biceps muscles in the arm contract and
triceps relax the arm bends (flexes), when the triceps muscle contract
and the biceps relax the arm straightens (extends).
1. Extension: straightening a joint.
2. Flexion: bending a joint.
3. Abduction: moving a body part away from the body.
4. Adduction: moving a body part toward the body.
5. Rotation: moving a body part around an axis.
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