he is scheduled to work. • Types • Authorized- by taking permission , applying for leave • Unauthorized- without informing / without applying • Willful- absents willfully • Circumstances- beyond control, eg- accidents, sickness Features
• Absenteeism is lowest on payday
• Increases considerably after payment of wages and bonus. • High among workers below 25 and above 40yrs. • Varies from department to department • High in the production department • In traditional industries it is seasonal causes • Maladjustment with the working conditions- Poor conditions, problems of adjustment. • Social and religious ceremony-functions divert the workers. • Unsatisfactory housing conditions • Industrial fatigue • Unhealthy working conditions- eg- excess heat, noise, too much or too low lighting, poor ventilation, dust and smoke. • Poor welfare facilities- exploitative attitude, poor financial position, poor sanitation, first aid drinking, water, canteen and rest rooms. • Alcoholism- more in the first week of the month • Indebtedness- low level of wages, unplanned expenditure( borrow more than 10 times their pay). • Maladjustment with the job demands- Changing technologies, skill development and absence of training. • Unsound personnel policies- improper and unrealistic • Inadequate leave facilities- depend on ESI leave for 56 days on half pay • Low level of wages- employee goes for other employment during busy seasons/ part time Categories of absenteesim • According to K N Vaid • 1. entrepreneurs- consider jobs as very small for their interest and personal goals hence engage in other social and economic activities • Status seekers- perceive a higher ascribed social status or keen on maintaining it • Epicureans- do not like to take up the jobs demanding initiative responsibility , discipline and discomfort. Wish to have money power and status. But are unwilling to work. • Family oriented - identified with family activities • The sick and old-mostly unhealthy with a week constitution or old people. Measures to minimize absenteeism • Severely affects the production process, business process • Unauthorized absenteeism is more compared to other types • Hence controlling or minimizing becomes important • Selecting the employees by testing them thoroughly • Test their aspiration, value system , responsibility and sensitiveness • Adopt humanistic approach in dealing with personal problems • Follow a proactive approach in identifying and redressing grievances • Providing hygienic working conditions • Providing welfare measures • Fringe benefits • Balancing the need for the employees and the ability of the organisation • Providing high wages and allowances based on financial positions of the company • Improving the communication network specially upward. • Providing leave facility based on the needs of the employee • Providing safety and health measures • Providing cordial human relations and industrial relations • Educating the workers • Counselling the workers about career, income, expenditure, habits and culture • Free flow of information, exchanging idea between sub-ordinate and superior • Granting leave and financial assistance in case of sickness and family members benefits. • Offering attendance bonus and inducements, • Providing extensive training , encouragement, allowances for technological advancement Dual role • Rapaport defined ‘dual career “family as the emergent social unit in which both husband and wife hole jobs which are highly salient, have a developmental sequence and require a high degree of commitment • It is different from ‘dual earner families”- characterized by gainful but not necessarily permanent , or meaningful employment of the wife • They face unique challenges both in work place and within their relationship. • Have to deal with competition, co-ordination of domestic and parental tasks. • Time management in general • Balance career and family life • Women who work outside continue to assume the primary responsibility for home making Adjustment of dual career couple • Sex role orientation • Attitude toward masculine, feminine roles • Presence of children • Availability of social support • Communication between couple • Job demands • Differences in marital expectations challenges • The Impact on Home and Family • 1. Role conflicts • 2. Children further complicate the lives of dual-career couples as the role of parenting is added to the mix. 3. Household responsibilities 4. eldercare responsibilities 5. Finances 6. time to spend with their spouse, children, parents, or friends; time alone for important activities such as exercise and personal or professional development; The Impact on Personal Well-being • The stress of constant change. • Exhaustion. • Sleep deprivation- sleepiness impairs their concentration and makes handling stress more difficult, depression, diabetes, and heart disease to sleep deprivation The Impact on Careers • “Three-career families- two advancing career professionals to thrive at work without sacrificing their personal relationships or their health • three-quarters of the women in dual-career marriages reported wanting the option to customize their career paths and pace their advancement. • Whose career comes first? • relocation is a job expectation or when working late or on weekends interferes with family responsibilities • values conflicts have been identified as contributing to burnout. • Travel, “trailing spouses,” and “commuter marriages.” • making significant career adjustments to facilitate the move. • living apart • while one of the partners completes an assignment away from home. strategies • Unique solution to juggling their multiple roles. • attitude of mutual encouragement and support • flexibility and a mix of independence and interdependence” • Balance- spend time together, reduce travel • scheduling personal as well as work activities • limiting overtime, not working on weekends, working flexible hours, and taking long vacations • Importance of maintaining bedtime routines • Exercise • good supports in place such as domestic help or a day care close to work • “stay-at-home dads” or “the brave househusband”