Untuk menarik minat mahasiswa

terhadap mata kuliah, dosen perlu

memberi tugas dan menilainya dengan
dengan tinggi.
Bagi dosen yang sudah
berpengalaman dan menguasai
PRAGMATICS:
materi tidak perlu membuat
persiapan mengajar.
1.DIEXIS
2.PRESUPPOSITION
3.SPEECH ACTS
4.IMPLICATURE
 SPEECH ACT
is one of the main branches of pragmatic
theory
1. The study of contextual meaning (it
requires the consideration of how the
speakers organize what they want to say in
accordance with who they are talking to,
where, when, and under what
circumstances)
2. The study of the speaker meaning
(intention)
3. The investigation of invisable meaning
Untuk menarik minat mahasiswa terhadap mata
kuliah, dosen
Speech perlu
act: memberi
while the tugas dan menilainya
speaker utter-
dengan dengan tinggi.
ing such utterance, he is actually
conducting such act.
Mengajar yang baik biasanya
Instruments used:
dilaksanakan di ruang kelas
yang dilengkapi
1.Locution: thedengan
actual/literal
media pembelajaran
meaning yang
of the utterance.
lengkap.
2.Illocution: the meaning intended
by the speaker/ speech act
3.Perlocution: the effect of the
utterance toward the listener.
(AFTER A LONG EXHOUSTIVE SESSION, THE
TEACHER SAYS TO THE CLASS)
“You can play outside for a half an hour”
Locution: The teacher said that the students
could play outside for a half an hour.
Illocution: Because it is uttered by a teacher to
the class, so the intention of the teacher is
merely giving permission to have a break.
Perlocution: The class dismissed
 (by a neighbor to a woman who recently bereaved her
husband)
“I am so sorry to hear about your lost”
L:
IL:
P:
(by the Duke to his maid, in a cold
temperature):
“It’s cold in here, Patty”
L:
IL:
P:
Dengan alasan kualitas, dosen tidak boleh mengubah
sillabi
(bymata kuliah yang telah
a secretary ditetapkan.
to his boss)
“Would you like a cup of coffee,
sir?”
-“Would you sign the check, sir?”
-“Would you come to my party
tonight, sir?”
 What is the difference?
• Would you write your name here?
• Write your name here!

8/25/2019
• When (to whom) can you express your command?
• If the hearer is superior than the speaker,
commanding or ordering utterances will be
improper or odd. Example, the conversation
between a maid and the Queen below.
• Maid : “Don't you feel cold, Your Majesty?”
• Queen : “Yes, Betsy”
• Maid : “ Close the windows”.
1. (by a boy to his brother):
“You took my biscuit without permission”
2. (by a mother to her son who has just got a
gold medal)
“You are great”.
3. (by a customer to the bank teller)
“The transfer via this bank is always late”
4. (by a guest)
“Good night”
DIRECT AND INDIRECT ILLOCUTION
 Direct illocution
• Is that the intention of the speaker can be directly
indicated by a LITERAL interpretation of the
grammatical form and the vocabularies of the
utterance.
(by a mother to her daughter who has just failed in
exam)
“I suggest you to take the remedial test next week”.
IL:
 Indirect Illocution
• Is any further illocution the utterance may
have.
(by a husband to his depressed wife)
“Why don’t we go to Bali for some days? Maybe
you’ll be better”
IL:
FIND THE INTENTION OF THE SPEAKER
1. By a guest to the room boy
“The smell of this room is not good”
2. By a shopkeeper to a costumer
“Your credit card is not valid, sir”
3. By a police to a supermarket costumer
“You’re arrested because you stole cigarette”
4. By a teacher who breaks the law
“Forgive me for all mistake I’ve done”
5. By a coach to a player who makes the team
loose
“You’re too slow in kicking the ball”
What is the illocution?
1. (By a Priest in a formal church ceremony): “I
now pronounce you husband and wife”
2. (By a judge in a court): “I hereby sentence
you 10 years in prison”.
• Utterance 1:
Because it is pronounced in a church and by a
priest, so by that utterance the man and
woman be a husband and wife in the real
world.
• Utterance 2:
Galileo: “The earth is round”
Galileo stated that utterance because he was
sure that the earth is round.

Moslems: “Muhammad is the messenger of

Allah”
(by a man who has just got a lottery)
“What a good destiny I’ve just got”
The utterance is merely used by the speaker to
convey his great pleasure
(by a woman to a dept collector)
“I will repay you tomorrow”

(by a kidnapper to the father of the victim)

“I will shot your son if you involve the police
-The speaker commits to himself that he will
shot the victim in the future if …
 5. Directive Utterances
(by a student to his teacher)
“Sir, would you tell me how to find the length of
the diagonal of a rectangle?”
(by an angry boss to a clerk)
“Just get out!”
(by a pharmacist to other people in the lab)
“Don’t touch any object here”
 Classification of speech acts
1. Declarative utterance
-Is a kind of speech act that change the world via the
utterance. The speaker should have institutional role in
community, and it should be delivered in specific context.
2. Representative utterance
-states what the speaker believes to be the case or not.
Commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition. It includes: assertion, conclusion, description,
etc
3. Expressive utterance
-is a kind of speech act that expresses the speaker’s
psychological state (feeling and attitude) e.g. the statement
of pleasure, joy, pain, sorrow, etc.
4. Commisive utterance
-is a kind of speech acts that the speaker use to
commit themselve to some future actions. e.g.
Promissing, warning, threatening, etc.

5. Directive Uttarance
- are those kinds of speech acts that the speaker
use to get someone to do something. e.g.
Ordering, commanding, requesting, prohibiting,
etc.
Polite = Face Threatening Act
• FTA is related to ‘NOT TO LOSE FACE’
• Goffman : Every speakers needs to be
appreciated and not to be interfered for.
• Need to be appreciated = Positive Face =
‘solidarity politeness’
• Need not to be disturbed = Negative Face =
‘respect politeness’
 Face Threatening Act (FTA)
1. Bald on Record

The speaker directly expresses the utterance to

the hearer. There is no efford of the speaker
to save the face of the hearer. It is usually
used among the close friend OR by the upper
to the lower (social class or power). The risk
of loosing face is the least.
 FTA 2
2. Positive Politeness

It is usually used in the acts that are less

threatening the face of the harer. It is usually
used among mutual recpecting fellow, or to
the upper. There is an afford of the speaker
to save the face of the hearer.
 Face 3
3. Negative Politeness (more threatening)

It is usually used in the acts that have a high risk

to threat the face of the hearer. There is an
awareness in the speaker that the hearer
needs to be facilitated, to be respected in the
communication.
 Face 4
4. Off Record (most threatening)

It is indirect utterance that is usually used to

express a very high risk of threatening face