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Industrial Dispute Act
Industrial Dispute Act
on
Industrial Dispute Act, 1947
Industrial dispute act
• It is an important piece of socio-economic legislation.
The object of the act is to make provision for
investigation and settlement of industrial dispute and
for certain other purposes.
• Act is primarily meant for:
(a) regulating the relations between employers and
workman, past, present and future.
(b) encouraging collective bargaining.
• (c) Maintaining industrial peace by preventing illegal
strikes and lockouts and to provide for layoff and
retrenchment compensation.
Objects of the act:
• Promotion of measures for securing and preserving
amity and good relations between the employers
and workmen.
• Investigation and settlement of industrial disputes.
• Prevention of illegal strikes and lockouts.
• Relief to workmen in the matter of lay-off and
retrenchment.
• Promotion of collective bargaining.
• Ameliorate the condition of workmen.
Broad features of the act:
• The act extend to whole of india including the state of
Jammu and Kashmir.
• It is applicable to industries and certain categories of
industrial workers.
• It provides for setting up of works committees as a
machinery for mutual consultation between employers
and employees so as to promote cordial relation.
• it is intended to encourage arbitration over the dispute
between employers and employees.
• It lays down time limits for various stages of conciliation
and arbitration so as to eliminate delays.
• The main emphasis of the act is on compulsory
adjudication besides conciliation and voluntary
arbitration of industrial disputes.
• The act empowers the government to make a reference
of the dispute to an appropriate authority viz.
labourcourt , industrial tribunal and national tribunal.
• the right to strike by the workers and lockout by the
employers has been subjected to the restriction as laid
down in the act and such rights are not absolute rights.
Definitions
Appropriate government [section 2(a)]: it means the central
government in relation to any dispute concerning :
• any industry carried on by or under the authority of central government
• Any industry carried on by railway company.
• Any such controlled industry, as may be specified by the central
government.
Arbitrator [section 2(aa)]:
It includes an umpire. In common parlance it means any person who is
appointed to determine differential and dispute between 2 parties.
Average pay sec(aaa) :
This clause lays down the manner of the
calculating the average pay for the purpose of
payment of compensation at the time of
retrenchment of a workman. Determination of
average pay is to be made in a different way :
1. Monthly paid workmen
2. Weekly paid workmen
3. Daily paid workmen
Wages [sec 2 (rr)]:
It means all remuneration capable of being expressed in
terms of money. The following essential requirements
have to be fulfilled before a payment can be called wages:
• It should be by way of remuneration.
• It should be capable of being expressed in terms of
money.
• It should be payable to a workman in respect of his
employment or work done in such employment.
• It should be payable if the terms of employment are
fulfilled.
Award [sec 2(b)]: An award is an interim or
final determination of any industrial dispute or
any question relating thereto by any labour
court, industrial tribunal or national industrial
tribunal and includes an arbitration award
made under section 10 –A.
Industry [sec 2 (j)]
Industry means any systematic activity carried on
by co-operation between an employer and his
workmen are employed by such employer
directly or by or through any agency including a
contractor for the production, supply or
distribution of goods or services with a view to
satisfy human wants or wishes.
Industrial dispute [sec 2 (k)]:
It means any dispute or difference between:
• Employers and employers;
• Employers and workmen;
• Workmen and workmen which is connected with:
(i) The employment of non- employment;
(ii) The terms of employment;
(iii)The condition of labor of any person.
• The dispute should related to an ‘industry’.
• Workman [sec 2(s)]: “workman” means any person
(including an apprentice) employed in any industry to
do any manual, unskilled, skilled, technical,
operational, clerical or supervisory work for hire or
reward, whether the terms of employment be express
or implied, and for the purposes of any proceeding
under this Act in relation to an industrial dispute,
includes any such person who has been dismissed,
discharged or retrenched in connection with, or as a
consequence of, that dispute, or whose dismissal,
discharge or retrenchment has led to that dispute.
• Industrial establishment [section 2(k a)]:
“industrial establishment or undertaking” means an
establishment or undertaking in which any industry is
carried on: Provided that where several activities are carried
on in an establishment or undertaking and only one or some
of such activities is or are an industry or industries, then,-
(a) if any unit of such establishment or undertaking carrying
on any activity, being an industry, is severable from the
other unit or units of such establishment or undertaking,
such unit shall be deemed to be a separate industrial
establishment or undertaking;
• (b) if the predominant activity or each of the
predominant activities carried on in such
establishment or undertaking or any unit thereof is an
industry and the other activity or each of the other
activities carried on in such establishment or
undertaking or unit thereof is not severable from and
is, for the purpose of carrying on, or aiding the
carrying on of, such predominant activity or activities,
the entire establishment or undertaking or, as the case
may be, unit thereof shall be deemed to be an
industrial establishment or undertaking;]
• Lay-off [sec. 2(kkk)] : means the failure,
refusal or inability of an employer on account of
shortage of coal, power or raw materials or the
accumulation of stocks or the breakdown of
machinery 6[or natural calamity or for any other
connected reason] to give employment to a
workman whose name is borne on the muster
rolls of his industrial establishment and who has
not been retrenched.
• Lock out [sec2(l)]: “lock-out” means the
1[temporary closing of a place of employment]
or the suspension of work, or the refusal by an
employer to continue to employ any number of
persons employed by him;
• Closure[sec2(cc)] : “closure” means the
permanent closing down of a place of
employment or part thereof.
• Retrenchment[sec2(oo)]: “retrenchment”
means the termination by the employer of the
service of a workman for any reason whatsoever,
otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of
disciplinary action, but does not include-
• (a) voluntary retirement of the workman; or
• (b) retirement of the workman on reaching the age
of superannuation if the contract of employment
between the employer and the workman concerned
contains a stipulation in that behalf.
• Strike[sec2(q)]: “strike” means a cessation of
work by a body of persons employed in any
industry acting in combination, or a concerted
refusal, or a refusal under a common
understanding, of any number of persons who
are or have been so employed to continue to
work or to accept employment.
• Public utility service[sec2(n)]: “public utility service” means-
• (i) any railway service 5[or any transport service for the carriage of passengers or
goods by air;]
• 6[(ia) any service in, or in connection with the working of, any major port or dock;]
• (ii) any section of an industrial establishment, on the working of which the safety of
the establishment or the workmen employed therein depends;
• (iii) any postal, telegraph or telephone service;
• (iv) any industry which supplies power, light or water to the public;
• (v) any system of public conservancy or sanitation;
• (vi) any industry specified in the 7[First Schedule] which the appropriate
Government may, if satisfied that public emergency or public interest so requires, by
notification in the Official Gazette, declare to be a public utility service for the
purposes of this Act, for such period as may be specified in the notification:
Provided that the period so specified shall not, in the first instance, exceed six
months but may, by a like notification, be extended from time to time, by any period
not exceeding six months, at any one time, if in the opinion of the appropriate
Government, public emergency or public interest requires such extension.
• Settlement[sec2(p)]: “settlement” means a
settlement arrived at in the course of conciliation
proceeding and includes a written agreement between
the employer and workmen arrived at otherwise than in
the course of conciliation proceeding where such
agreement has been signed by the parties thereto in such
manner as may be prescribed and a copy thereof has
been sent to 5[an officer authorised in this behalf by] the
appropriate Government and the conciliation officer.
Authorities under the act:
• Works committee[sec.3] In the case of any industrial establishment in which
one hundred or more workmen are employed or have been employed on any day
in the preceding twelve months, the appropriate Government may by general or
special order require the employer to constitute in the prescribed manner a
Works Committee consisting of representatives of employers and workmen
engaged in the establishment, so however that the number of representatives of
workmen on the Committee shall not be less than the number of representatives
of the employer. The representatives of the workmen shall be chosen in the
prescribed manner from among the workmen engaged in the establishment and
in consultation with their trade union, if any, registered under the Indian Trade
Unions Act, 1926 (16 of 1926). (2) It shall be the duty of the Works Committee to
promote measures for securing and preserving amity and good relations between
the employer and workmen and, to that end, to comment upon matters of their
common interest or concern and endeavour to compose any material difference
of opinion in respect of such matters.
• Conciliation officers[sec4]:
1) The appropriate Government may, by notification in the Official
Gazette, appoint such number of persons as it thinks fit, to be
Conciliation Officers, charged with the duty of mediating in and
promoting the settlement of industrial disputes.