DSPProcessor

BY
Suraj Chaudhary
Department of Electronics & Instrumentation
KIET Group of Institutions,Ghaziabad
 CONTENT

• Introduction
• Working
• Need of DSP
• Elements of DSP
• Types of architecture
• Function
• Application
 Digital Signal Processor

A digital signal processor (DSP) is an integrated

circuit designed for high-speed data manipulations,
and is used in
Audio
Communications
image manipulation
Other data-acquisition and
Data-control applications.
 How Digital Signal Processing Works

1.To explain how digital signal processing works, you must

understand thedifference between analog and digital signals.
2.Analog signals, which include sound intensity, pressure, light
intensity, etc., are continuously variable.

3.Each of our senses is sensitive to different kinds of

analog signals.

4.Our ears are sensitive to sound, our eyes are sensitive to light,
and so on.

5.Once we receive a signal, our sensory organs convert it to an

electrical signal and send it to our analog computer (the brain).
 How Digital Signal Processing Works

6.Our brains are very powerful parallel computer whose

performance currently is unmatched by any digital computer.

7.Our brains not only analyze the information received, but also
make decisions using this data.

8.Digital signals are those that are transmitted within or

between computers, in which information is represented by
discrete states –
How Analog and Digital Signals Work Together
 How Analog and Digital Signals Work Together

Digital technology such as personal computers (PCs), assist us in

many ways: writing documents, spell checking, anddrawing.

Unfortunately, the world is analog, and electronic

analog computers are not as versatile as digital
computers.

Therefore, in order to make use of the tremendous processing

power that digital technology offers us, we must do the following:

Convert the analog signals into electrical signals, using a transducer

(such as a microphone, as shown in the diagram).

·Digitize these signals (i.e., convert them from analog to digital using an
Why Do We Need Digital Signal Processors?
 Why Do We Need Digital Signal Processors?

Add and Subtract

Add and subtract operations are performed quite simply by general-purpose

microprocessors in a single or very few clock cycles. Digital addition is similar to
decimal add. Our example shows adding 1 plus 2. The result is the decimal3.

Multiply and Divide

The multiply and divide operations are more complex. A digital multiply operation
consists of a series of shift and add operations. example shows a multiplication of 3 &
5. General-purpose microprocessors are quite slow in performing multiply and divide
operations. They will typically sequentially execute a series of shift, add, and subtract
operations from their microcodei.e.
to perform a single multiply operation, it may consume many cycles
to complete
The DSPperforms multiplication in a single cycle by implementing all
shift and add operations in parallel.
What’s Inside DSP(Elements of DSP)
• Program Memory:
– Stores the programs the DSPwill use to processdata

• Data Memory:
– Stores the information to beprocessed

• Compute Engine:
– Performs the math processing, accessing the program from the Program Memory and
the data from the DataMemory

• Input / Output:
– Serves a range of functions to connect to the outsideworld
Types of Architecture

Super/ Modified
Harvard HarvardArchitecture
Architecture

Von
Neumann
Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture

Memory Address Bus

Instruction
& CPU
Data Data Bus
 Harvard Architecture

Address
Address Bus
Bus

Program Data
Memory CPU Memory
Data Bus Data Bus
 Which Architecture is Best Suited for DSP?

1.Common general-purpose personal computers use processors designed with the von
Neuman architecture while the Harvard architecture is more commonly used in
specialized microprocessors for real-time and embedded applications.

2. DSPstypically use Harvard architecture, although von Neuman DSPsalsoexist.

3. Many signal and image processing applications require fast, real-time machines.

4.The drawback to using a true Harvard architecture is that since it uses separate
program and data memories, it needs twice as many address and data pins on the chip
and twice as much external memory. Unfortunately, as the number of pins or chips
increases, so does the price.
 Which Architecture is Best Suited for DSP?

An elegant solution:

Asingle data and address bus is used externally.

Two (or more) separate buses for program and data are usedinternally.

Timing (multiplexing) handles the separation of program and datainformation.

In one clock cycle, the program information flows on the pins, and
In the second cycle, data follows on the samepins.
Program and data information is then routed onto separate internal program and
data buses. Such machines are called modified Harvard architecture processors
because
the internal architecture is Harvard
external architecture is von Neuman.

Also Multiple internal RAM/ROM cells for high-use instructions anddata.

 Fixed vs. Floating Point

Characteristic Floatingpoint Fixed point

32-bit 16-bit
Dynamic range much larger smaller
Resolution comparable comparable
Ease ofprogramming comparable comparable
Compiler efficiency much easier more difficult
Power consumption more efficient less efficient
Chip cost comparable comparable
System cost comparable comparable
Design cost less more
Time to market faster slower
 Functional Units

• 40 bit ALU
• 2- 40 bit accumulators ACCA& ACCB
• Barrel shifter
• 17X17 bit multiplier
• 40 bit adder
• CSSU-Compare, Select & store unit
• Exponent Encoder
• Data Address generation
• Program & address generation unit
 ALU
• 40 Bit ALU
• Wide range of Arithmetic & Logic Operationin
single clock cycle.
• After ALU operation destination of result
– Accumulator or
– Memory
 Accumulators
• 40 bit ACCA&ACCB
• To store result for ALU &Multiply/Add.
• Temporary storage for other.
 Barrel Shifter
• The barrel shifter can produce a left shift of 0 to 31
bits and a right shift of 0 to 16 bits on the input data.
• The shift requirements are defined in
– the shift count field of the instruction, the shift count field
(ASM) of status register ST1,or
– In the temporary registerT.
 Multiplier/Adder Unit
• The multiplier/adder block consists of severalelements:

– a multiplier, an adder, signed/unsigned input

– control logic, fractional control logic,
– zero detector, a rounder , overflow/saturation logic
– and a 16-bit temporary storage register (T).

• The multiplier/adder unit performs 17 x 17-bit 2s-

complement multiplication with a 40–bit addition in a
single instruction cycle
 Exponent Encoder
• To implement floating point arithmetic in
fixed point processor require separation
of exponent & mantissa of the floating
point data.
 Data Address Generation Unit
• 2 Auxiliary Register Arithmetic Units
ARAU0 & ARAU1 (Address Generation for
indirect addressing mode i.e. increment,
decrement, indexing, bit reverse ,circular
addressing )
• 8- AR0 to AR7 (To generate 2 data
memory address simult.)
Application
• Machine vision
• Avionics and defense
• Size Weight and Power (SWAP)
• Audio
• Video encoding/decoding
• Biometrics
THANK YOU