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Class 2
Class 2
qtest
F
r
F
qtest 1
Qqtest
F ˆr
4 0 r
2
r̂ r
1
Q Radially outward,
E(r) ˆ
2 r falling off as 1/r2
4 0 r
The Electric Field
Direction of the
electric field Superposition of electric field
Electric Field Lines
Electric field lines (lines of force) are continuous lines
whose direction is everywhere that of the electric field
F = q E(r)
-q
An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite
charges (q and -q ) separated a distance d.
The Electric Dipole
+q
d
-q
E
+q
d
q -q
E
+q
d
q -q
E F+
+q
d
F-
q -q
E F+
+q
d
F-
q -q
E F+
+q
d
F-
q -q
E F+
+q
d
F-
q -q
d +q d sin q
F-
q -
q
q -q
E
Calculate E as a function of p, x, and d, and approximate for x >> d
Y
+q
l
q
d x X
E- E+
-q
E
Electric Fields From Continuous
Distributions of Charge
q2 Electric field
E experienced
q3 by q4
q1 q4
Electric Fields From Continuous Distributions
q2
q3 E(r) Ei
q4 i
q1
q E(r)
Electric Field Produced by a
Continuous Distribution of Charge
dEi
The small piece of charge dqi
r
produces a small field dEi at
the point r
dqi
kdq
dqi
E( r ) 2 r
r
Example: An infinite thin line of charge
Y
Find the electric
P field E at point P
y
X
Charge per unit length
is l
dE+
P
r x 2 y2
y
dq
x
dq
dE k 2 r
r • Consider small element
of charge, dq, at position x.
• dq is distance r from P.
dE
E yE
dE+ dE-
q
dq dq
-x x
dq
dE k 2 r
r • Consider small element
of charge, dq, at position x.
dq
dE y 2k 2 cosq • dq is distance r from P.
r
• For each dq at +x, there
is a dq at -x.
dE
dE+ dE-
q
dq dq
-x x
dq
dE k 2 r
r
dq
dE y 2k 2 cosq
r
dE+ dE-
q
dq dq
-x x
dq
dE k 2 r 2kldx y
r dE y 2 2
(x y ) r
dq
dE y 2k 2 cosq
2kl y
r x
E y 2 2 3/2 dx
dq=l dx, cosq=y/r
x 0
(x y )
dE
dE+ dE-
q
dq dq
-x x
dq
dE k 2 r 2kldx y
r dE y 2 2
(x y ) r
dq
dE y 2k 2 cosq
2kl y 2kl
x
r
E y 2 2 3/2 dx
dq=l dx, cosq=y/r x 0
(x y ) y
Example of Continuous Distribution:
Ring of Charge
dE
units C/m C / m2 C / m3
differential dq = l dL dq = dA dq = dV