ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC

LEUKEMIA

GROUP : 11
 Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is
a type of cancer of the blood and
bone marrow — the spongy tissue
inside bones where blood cells are
made.

 Acute lymphocytic leukaemia is also

known as acute lymphoblastic
leukaemia.

 Acute lymphocytic leukemia is the

most common type of cancer in
children
• Bone marrow- conclusive proof with
lymphoblasts > 20% of cells.

• Lymphoblasts- more condensed

chromatin, less conspicuous nucleoli
(0-1), small amount of cytoplasm and
no granules.

• Lymphoblasts positive for PAS

(periodic acid- Schiff) stain
 CAUSES

 Acute lymphocytic leukemia occurs when a bone marrow cell

develops errors in its DNA.

 The errors tell the cell to continue growing and dividing, when a
healthy cell would normally stop dividing and eventually die.

 When this happens, blood cell production becomes abnormal.

 The bone marrow produces immature cells that develop into

leukemic white blood cells called lymphoblasts.

 These abnormal cells are unable to function properly, and they

can build up and crowd out healthy cells.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
•Bleeding from the gums

•Bone pain

•Fever and frequent infections

•Frequent or severe nosebleeds

•Lumps caused by swollen lymph nodes in and around the neck,

underarm, abdomen or groin

•Pale skin

•Shortness of breath

•Weakness, fatigue or a general decrease in energy

 RISK FACTORS

Previous cancer treatment:

•Children and adults who've had certain types of chemotherapy
and radiation therapy for other kinds of cancer may have an
increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Exposure to radiation:
• People exposed to very high levels of radiation, such as
survivors of a nuclear reactor accident, have an increased risk of
developing acute lymphocytic leukemia.
•GENETIC DISORDERS:

• Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with

an increased risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia.

•HAVING A BROTHER OR SISTER WITH ALL:

•People who have a sibling, including a twin, with acute lymphocytic

leukemia have an increased risk of ALL.
DIAGNOSIS
•BLOOD TESTS:

• Blood tests may reveal too many white blood cells, not
enough red blood cells and not enough platelets. A
blood test may also show the presence of BLAST CELLS —
IMMATURE CELLS normally found in the bone marrow.

•BONE MARROW TEST:

•1. Bone Marrow is hypercellular

•2. Myeloblast cells > 20 %

•3. Dyserythropoiesis
•IMAGING TESTS:

• Imaging tests such as an X-ray,

computerized tomography (CT) scan or
ultrasound scan may help determine
whether cancer has spread to the brain
and spinal cord or other parts of the
body.

•SPINAL FLUID TEST:

• A lumbar puncture test, also called a

spinal tap, may be used to collect a
sample of spinal fluid — the fluid that
surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The
sample is tested to see whether cancer
cells have spread to the spinal fluid.
BONE MARROW TEST SPINAL FLUID TEST
TREATMENT
 CHEMOTHERAPY (Main treatment)

 TARGETED THERAPY

 IMMUNOTHERAPY

 SURGERY FOR ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

(ALL)

The main role for surgery in ALL is to insert

catheters (tubes) into the body to make it easier to
give chemotherapy (chemo),

 RADIATION THERAPY

 STEM CELL TRANSPLANT

 REFERENCES
1.Clarke, Rachel T.; Bruel, Ann Van den;
Bankhead, Clare; Mitchell, Christopher D.;
Phillips, Bob; Thompson, Matthew J. (1 October
2016). "Clinical presentation of childhood
leukaemia: a systematic review and meta-
analysis". Archives of Disease in
Childhood. 101 (10): 894–901.

2.^ Cortes, J. (February 2001). "Central nervous

system involvement in adult acute lymphocytic
leukemia". Hematology/Oncology Clinics of
North America. 15 (1): 145–162.

3. ^ Jump up to:a b c Seiter, K (5 February 2014).

Sarkodee-Adoo, C; Talavera, F; Sacher, RA;
Besa, EC (eds.). "Acute Lymphoblastic
Leukemia". Medscape Reference. WebMD.