Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Types of Sentences
• Simple
• Compound
• Complex
• Compound Complex
Clauses
• Word --> Phrase --> Clause --> Sentence
• Clauses have a verb - one main verb per
clause
• Finite Clauses - Verb inflected for tense
• Non-Finite
– Infinitive
– Participial, including Gerunds
Types of Embedded Sentences
• Appear as an NP
• Can be the subject of the sentence
[That you like bananas] is surprising.
• Can be an object
I know [that you like bananas.]
• Can be replaced by a pronoun
(It is surprising; I know it.)
• That is a complementizer.
Direct Discourse
NP VP
MVP NP
S
N MV
NP VP
MV NP
N
Chris wants
S
NP VP
MVP NP
S
N MV
NP VP
MV NP
N
• Infinitives
– To-Infinitives
– For-To-Infinitives
– Bare Infinities
• Participles
– Present Participial Clauses
– Past Participial Clauses
Participial Clauses
Present Participial Clauses
• Adverbial
– Walking to work, I spotted an eagle.
– While walking to work, I spotted an eagle. (elliptical
subordinate clause)
– Many people having seen the eagle, I am now satisfied.
• Adjectival
– The people standing on the street were watching the
eagle.
• Gerund (Nominal)
– Watching the eagle was fun.
Usage: Dangling Modifiers
• Dangling Infinitives
– Eager to work, my tools lay before me.
– To feel rewarded, a job must be well-paying.
• Dangling Present Participle
– Flying high in the sky, I spotted an eagle.
– Standing on a cliff, the ocean inspired me.
• Dangling Past Participle
– Hard boiled, I took the eggs out of the water.
– Fed well, the entertainment began.
– Sauced and seasoned, I tasted the entrée.
Nominative Absolutes
• Actually Adverbials, but still called “nominative”
• Tensed form of the verb or auxiliary BE is deleted
• Examples: (pp. 395-396)
– His mind on the test, Bill entered the classroom.
– The children fed and put to bed, Pat and Chris relaxed.
– My hair a mess, I wandered into the classroom.
– Eyes gleaming, they ran into the playground.
– They ran into the playground, their eyes ablaze.
Practice: Adverbial, Adjectival, or Gerund
I spotted eagle
ng
work
S Adverbial Present
VP
Participle
NP
MVP NP ADVP
S
PRO MV DET N
NP VP
MV PREPP
PRO
I spotted eagle
ng
street
S Adjectival Present
VP
Participle
NP
MVP NP
ADJP
S
PRO MV DET N
NP VP
MV PREPP
We enjoyed
S
NP VP
MVP NP
S
PRO MV
NP VP
MV NP
N