Unit 2: Chain Surveying

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 1

Topics covered

Different methods for linear measurement,

instruments for chaining
Different types of Chains/Tapes
Ranging - Direct, Indirect, chaining on sloping
ground
Chain surveying: survey station, survey line,
locating the ground features with the help of offsets.
Chain surveying, fieldwork & office work

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 2

2.1 Linear measurement- Basics

One of the basic function in Horizontal distance is correct

surveying B
 Always horizontal not sloping
distance
 No way to check the error other
A
than remeasuring

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 3

 2.1 Linear measurement methods

Methods

Direct measurements By optical means Electronic methods

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 4

2.1 Direct measurements

Instruments such as
 Pacing
 Passometer
 Pedometer
 Odometer or Speedometer
Rough methods for preliminary survey
Check of large mistakes in measurement made by more
precise method
Unsuitable in irregular and sloping ground
Precision – 1/50 to 1/200

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 5

2.1 Taping / Chaining

Chaining or taping carries same meaning

 Use of either chain or tape.
 One of the accurate method of direct measurements
 This method is basis for most surveying.
 Precision
 1/1000 to 1/5000 (ordinary land survey)
Use of chain or tape
 Chain (Early 1600s)
 Steel tape in use by early 2000s
 Tape is very common nowadays.

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 6

2.1 Instruments for chaining/taping

Chain/tape
Arrows
pegs
Ranging rods
Plumb bob
Hand level

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 7

 Contd….
2.1 Instruments for chaining/taping

Arrows
 10 arrows

Pegs
 Station position
 Terminal points of survey line

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 8

2.1 Instruments for chaining/taping Contd….

Ranging rods
 Used to range intermediate points on survey line
 Length 2 m ( very common) or 3 m
 Bands of 20 cm painted alternate colour( red & white, black &
white)
Ranging poles
 Similar to ranging rod but big in size
 Used in case of long lines
 Used to range intermediate points on survey line

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 9

2.1 Instruments for chaining/taping Contd….

Plumb bob
 Verticality of ranging pole
 Transferring the points to ground
 Also used for centring purpose in
other surveying methods.

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 10

2.2 Different types of chain/tape

Chain (Absolute equipment at present)

 Metric chain (available in 5,10,20
meter)
 Gunter’s or surveyor’s chain (66 ft of
100 links)
 Engineer’s chain (100 ft of 100 links)
 Revenue chain (33 ft of 16 links)
 Steel band or band chain ( 20 or 30 m)

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 11

2.2 Different types of chain/tape Contd….

Tape
 Cloth or Lenin tape
 Metallic tape
 Steel tape
 Invar tape (Alloy of nickel 36% & steel)

Cloth Tape Steel Tape Linen Tape Metallic Tape

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 12

2.3 Ranging

When the length of survey line is greater than chain or

tape length
 Process of establishing intermediate points
Methods
 Direct Ranging
 Indirect Ranging
Intermediate points

> one tape length

A B

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 13

2.3 Direct ranging

Direct ranging
 When two end points are intervisible
 Either by eye or through optical instruments such as
 Line ranger
 Theodolite
 Code of signals used to direct assistant

< one tape length

P
A B

Transverse movement

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 14

2.3 Indirect ranging

Indirect ranging
 When two end points are not intervisible
 With the aid of two intermediate points very near to the line

M N
A
B
M N
M3
A N3 B
M2
N2

N1
M1

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 15

2.3 Chaining/taping over sloping
ground
Methods
 Direct method or method of stepping
 Indirect method
 With the aid of vertical angle measurement

 With the aid of difference in level measurement

 Hypotenusal allowance

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 16

 Contd….
2.3 Chaining/taping over sloping
ground
Direct method or stepping method
 Convenient to proceed down-hill
 Tape shall be horizontal
 Sufficient pull to avoid sag
 Lengths of steps inversely proportion to degree of slopes.

l1
A l2
l3
l4
D = (l1+l2+l3+l4)

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 17

 Contd….
2.3 Chaining/taping over sloping
ground
Indirect method (Vertical angle measured)
 Clinometer to measure vertical angle
D1 = s1×cosΦ1 A
The required horizontal distance (D) =∑s cosΦ s1
Φ1 B
Indirect method (difference in height)
 Level machine is used D1 s2
A
to measure h to compute D. s
D = √( s - h 2 2 ) h Φ2 C
C B
D2
D
Indirect method (Hypotensual allowance)
A
BA / = BC = 1 CHAIN A’
BA = 1 CHAIN × sec θ
AA / = BA - BA / = 1 CHAIN ( sec θ – 1) θ B
C
1 chain
25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 18
2.4 Chain surveying
What is chain surveying?
Principle of chain
surveying
 Triangulation

Survey stations
 Main station (A, B, C,…E)
 Subsidiary stations (F, G, H)
 Marking of stations
Survey lines
 Main survey lines
 Base lines
 Check lines
 Tie lines
25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 19
2.4 Survey stations & survey lines

Station
 Mutually visible
Survey lines
 Few as far as possible
 Must have one base line
 Pass through level ground
 Form well-conditioned triangle
 Sufficient check line
Short offset
Should not pass through obstacle
Should fall within the boundaries

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 20

2.4 Locating the ground features

Offsets- lateral distance of an object P

from survey line.
Offsets should be as small as possible
Types 900
 Perpendicular – less measuring on ground
A B
 Oblique C
 Method of ties
P

P Q ≠ 900
A B
C

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 21

 Contd….
2.4 Locating the ground features

Swing of the tape on chain

line
Shortest distance is
perpendicular offset P

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 22

 Contd….
2.4 Locating the ground features

Offsets are taken in the

order of their chaninage. Boundary wall
Number of offsets depends
upon the shape of objects
 Straight wall, zigzag wall, road
with constant width

Constant width road

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 23

 Contd….
2.4 Locating the ground features

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 24

2.5 Chain surveying (field/office work)

Equipment
 Chain/Tape (>30 m)
 10 Arrows
 Raging rods
 A tape ( 10 m or 20 m )
 Cross staff or Optical square
 Field book, pencil
 Plumb bob
 Pegs, wooden hammer, chalks

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 25

2.5 Field work

Field work consists of three steps

 Reconnaissance
 Marking and fixing survey stations
 Running survey lines

Reconnaissance
 Walkover survey with the view of principle of
surveying
 Reference sketch
 Thinking of possible problem and their solution
in actual survey

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 26

 Contd….
2.5 Field work

Purpose is to enable to locate stations

during progress of work
Wooden pegs in soft ground
Building
Nails or spikes in hard surface (road) & Chaupari
flushed with pavement
For a long time used station, a stone of 9.90m 9.65m
standard size fixed with mortar
Reference of two or three permanent 10.50m
object

Electric pole

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 27

 Contd….
2.5 Field work

Start chaining from base line

Consists of two folds
 Chain the survey line
 Locate the adjacent details

Chaupari
One tape length

Building

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 28

 Contd….
2.5 Field work

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 29

2.5 Office work

Part of office work

Computation of data
Plotting work
 Size of paper should be
standard (in mm)
 A0 = 840 * 1188
 A1 = 594 * 840
 A2 = 594 * 420
 A3 = 420 * 297
 A4 = 297 * 210

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 30

2.5 Plotting work

Fix the scale of survey before

starting
 Purpose of survey
 Extent of survey
 Finance available
North upward rule
Nice lettering (Always in the
drawing)
Skeleton first then offsets
 Use of tracing paper for proper
orientation

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 31

2.5 Plotting work

Start with base line

Triangles are laid by intersection of
arcs
Verification of check lines
Offsets are then plotted by
 Set square or
 Offset scale
Ground features representation
with symbol
Title box and legend box
Use of HB, 2H and 3H pencils

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 32

Conventional symbols

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 33

 Contd….
Conventional symbols

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 34

25 November 08 Unit 2 :Chain Surveying 35