SURVEYS, LONGITUDINAL,

CROSS-SECTIONAL, AND TREND STUDIES

BY:DESY R.. SIMANJUNTAK (13120136))

SURVEYS is Survey research is one of the most important areas of
measurement in applied social research. The broad area of survey research
encompasses any measurement procedures that involve asking questions of
respondents. A "survey" can be anything form a short paper-and-pencil
feedback form to an intensive one-on-one in-depth interview.
• the three specific techniques of survey research:
• Questionnaires - a series of written questions a participant answers. This
method gathers responses to questions that are essay or
agree/neutral/disagree style.
• Interviews - questions posed to an individual to obtain information about
him or her. This type of survey is like a job interview, with one person
asking another a load of questions.
• Surveys - brief interviews and discussions with individuals about a specific
topic. Yes, survey is also a specific type of survey, to make things even
more confusing. A survey is a quick interview, with the surveyor asking
only a few questions.
Examples:
• measurable survey objectives
• sound research design
• effective survey question design
• sound sampling strategy, when needed
• effective survey response strategy
• meaningful data summary
• effective data display and reporting.
The research problem:
• Title: the effect of picture to improve students
problem in writing recount text.
• the research problem: how the picture can
improve students ability in writing recount
text.
There are four main considerations in plannig a survey:

• Problem defenition: deciding what kinds and contents of

answer are reqquired.
• Sample selection: what is the target population, how can acces
and representativeness be assured.
• design of measurements: what will be measured and how?
• Concern for participants:protection of confedidentiality and
anonymity.
longitudinal
• Longitudinal study is researchers are able to
detect developments or changes in the
characteristics of the target population at
both the group and the individual level. The
key here is that longitudinal studies extend
beyond a single moment in time. As a result,
they can establish sequences of events.
 Cross- sectional

• Cross-sectional is Study design depends greatly on the nature

of the research question. In other words, knowing what kind
of information the study should collect is a first step in
determining how the study will be carried out (also known as
the methodology).
• This methodology can be uised to assess the burden of disease
or healt needs of a population, for example, and is therefore
particularly useful in informing the planning and allocation on
health resources.
 Type of cross-sectional study
• Descriptive : A cross sectional study may be
purely descriptive and used to assess the
frequency and distribution of a particular
disease in a defined population.
• Analytical : Analytical cross-sectional studies
may also be used to investigate the
association between a putative risk factor and
a health outcome.
 Issues in the design of cross-sectional
surveys
• Choosing a representative sample : A cross-sectional
study should berepresentative of whole the
population, if generalizations from the findings are to
have any validity.
• Sample size : The sample size should be sufficiently
large enough to estimate the prevalence of the
conditions of interest with adequate precision.
• Data collection : As data on exposures and outcomes
are collected simultaneously, specific inclusion an
exclusion criteria should be established at the design
stage, to ensure that those with the outcome are
correctly identified.
 Strengths and weaknesses of cross-
sectional studies
Weaknesses
• Weakness not suitable for studying rare diseases or
diseases with a short duration
• As-sectional studies measure prevalent rather than
incident cases, the data will always reflect
determinants or survival as well as a etiology
• Unable to measure incidence
• Associations identified may be difficult to interpret
• Susceptible to bias due to low response and
misclassification due to recall bias.
 strengths

• Relatively quick and easy to conduct ( no long

periods of follow-up)
• Data on all variables is only collected once
• Able to measure prevalence for all factors
under investigation
• Multiple outcomes and expores can be
studied
• Good for descriptive analyses and for
generating hypotheses
 Trend studies
• Trend studies : use cross sections at two or
more points in time to examine change over
time.
 Thank you
for your attention