MATHEMATICAL

REASONING:
IMPLICATIONS
BY,
MUHAMMAD AMIRUL AIZAT
MUHAMMAD FAISAL ARIF
NUR SYAFIQAH RIZA
What is an antecedent and
Consequent?
 For two statements p and q, the sentece
‘if p, then q’ is called an implication.

p is called the antecedent

q is called the consequent
Example ;
 Identify the antecedent and consequent of the following
implications.

a) If m=2, then 2m^2 + m=10

b) If P u Q = P, then Q

Solution:
a) Antecedent: m=2
Consequent: 2m^2 + m=10
b) Antecedent : P u Q = P
Consequent : Q P
 Implications of the Form ‘p if
and only if q’
 Two implications ‘if p, then q’ and ‘if q,
then p’ can be written as ‘p if and only if
q’
 Likewise,two statements can be written
from a statement in the form ‘p if and only
if q’ as follows:
Implication 1 : If p, then q.
Implication 2 : If q, then p.
Example :
 Given that p: x + 1 =8
q: x = 7
Construct a mathematical statement in the
form of implication
a) If p, then q.
b) p if and only if q.

Solution:
a) If x + 1 = 8, then x = 7.
b) x + 1 = 8 if and only if x = 7
Converse of an implication
 The converse of an implication ‘if p, then q’ is ‘if q, then p’

Example:

State the converse of each of the following implications.

a) If x^2 + x – 2 = 0, then (x - 1)(x + 2)=0
b) If x = 7, then x + 2 = 9

Solution:
a) If (x – 1)(x + 2) = 0, then x^2 + x – 2.
b) If x + 2 = 9, then x = 7.