MS 1020 (MS5050): Metallic Materials (Advanced Physical Metallurgy)

1L (3L)-0T-0P-1(3)
02.08.2019

Pinaki P Bhattacharjee
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering
IIT Hyderabad
Unit 1: Structure of metals
 Structure of crystalline solids

• Why?
Many properties of materials are related to their inherent crystal
structure
e.g.
• Ni, Cu, Ag, Au are more ductile (easy to deform plastically) than Mg
 Fundamental concepts
• Crystal: solid composed of atoms/ions arranged in a periodic manner in space/3-D

Crystalline: Presence of long range periodicity

 All metals and many ceramic materials form crystalline structure under normal
solidification conditions

May be single crystalline or poly (=many) crystalline

 Rapid solidification of metallic alloys from melt may give rise to amorphous
materials or metallic glass

Amorphous/Non-crystalline solids: Absence of long range periodicity

• Lattice
Atoms or ions are replaced by points (lattice points) in the
space resulting in 3-D array of points infinite in extent.

Each point has an identical surroundings

 1-D

na translation brings to another

lattice point, where n is an
integer
2-D

ma+nb translation brings to another lattice point, where n and m are integers

3-D a, b, c are lattice translation vectors

 Unit cell: Repetitive unit which makes up a whole crystal

c
y^z=α
b y z^x=β Inter-axial angles
x^y= γ
a
x a, b, c are lattice vectors
By convention a, b and c are along the X, Y, Z axes (right handed),
respectively.

Unit cells are purely geometric constructions

 Crystal
Crystalsystems
Systems

Cubic
𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝛾 = 90°
Important
engineering
materials
Hexagonal 𝑎=𝑏≠𝑐 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 90°, γ
= 120°

Tetragonal 𝑎=𝑏≠𝑐 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝛾=90°

Rhombohedral 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝛾 ≠ 90°
 The Bravais Lattices

Cubic
Tetragonal

Orthorhombic

Triclinic
Rhombohedral Hexagonal Monoclinic
 System Axial lengths and angles Bravais lattice Lattice symbols

Cubic 𝑎=𝑏=𝑐 Simple P

𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝛾 = 90° Body centred I
Face centred F
Tetragonal 𝑎=𝑏≠𝑐 Simple P
𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝛾 = 90° Body centred I

Orthorhombic 𝑎≠𝑏≠𝑐 Simple P

𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝛾 = 90° Body centred I
Base centred C
Face centred F
Trigonal/Rhombohedral 𝑎=𝑏=𝑐 Simple R
𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝛾 ≠ 90°

Hexagonal 𝑎=𝑏≠𝑐 Simple P

𝛼 = 𝛽 = 90°
𝛾 = 120°
Monoclinic 𝑎≠𝑏≠𝑐 Simple P
𝛼 = 𝛾 = 90° ≠ 𝛽 Base centred C

Triclinic 𝑎≠𝑏≠𝑐 Simple P

𝛼 ≠ 𝛽 ≠ 𝛾 ≠ 90°

P= Primitive, I= Body Centred, C= Base Centred, F =Face Centred

Common metallic crystal structures

BCC

cc

a
FCC HCP
 Crystal structure of few
common metals
Crystal structure Examples

FCC Ni, Cu, Au, Ag, Fe (910-1410°C)

BCC Fe (<910°C), W, Mo, Nb, Ta, V, Cr

HCP Ti , Mg, Be, Cd, Zn

•The only known element with a SC structure is Po

•Some metals may possess more than one crystal structure. For e.g Fe is bcc below 910°C and bcc above 1410°C.
However, between 910°C and 1410°C it is FCC. This is called allotropy or polymorphism.
 G3

Twin
G1, G2, G3 are all
single crystal i.e.
Grain or grain in a
intercrystalline G2 polycrystalline
boundary G1 materials

Grain
boundary/crysta 50 μm Unit cell
l boundary
Poly (i.e. many) crystalline Nickel under an optical microscope

 Each grain is a single crystal

 Engineering materials are commonly used in polycrystalline form
 Single crystalline materials may be used for specific applications e.g. single crystal Nickel
superalloy for gas turbine blades.
 Crystal Points, Directions and Planes

 Points
Case 1: For a given point show the coordinates

Case 2: For given co-ordinates locate the point

ZZ

1 1 1
, ,
2 2 2
r
YY
p
q

X
X

Specify all the point co-ordinates in a BCC and FCC unit cell
 Directions
Case 1 - Indices of a given direction

Z
1 2
A= 1, 1, 3 − 0,0, 3
2 A 1ഥ
3 ത
=[11 3]=[331]
B
1
2 1 Y
3
BA 1
2 1 1
B= 1, 0, 2 − , 1,0
2
1 1
X =[2 1ത 2=[121]
ത

• [head]-[tail]
• Remove fractions by multiplying by smallest possible factor
• Enclose in square brackets
• The indices are basically projections on the respective axes
Case 2: Indices are given show the direction
(i) Show the direction [11ത 0] in cubic unit cell

Z Z

B B

Y Y

A A

X X
(i) Show the direction [321] in cubic unit cell

Y
A

X
 Planes (Miller’s indices)
Case 1: Find indices of a given plane
• Step 1: If the plane passes through the selected origin, select a
parallel plane or shift the origin
• Step 2: Determine the intercepts on each of the three axes. If
 take the intercept as
the plane is parallel to a direction
• Step 3: Take the reciprocals
• Step 4: convert the indices into set of smallest integers
• Step 5: Enclose the integer indices into set of smallest numbers
• Step 6: Enclose in ()
$$ Let us determine the indices of the planes marked A
Step 1: Select the origin
Step 1: If the plane passes through the selected origin,
select a parallel plane or shift the origin
No
Step 2: Determine the intercepts on each of the three
axes. If the plane is parallel to a direction take the
intercept as infinity

X Y Z

1 1 1
𝑎 𝑎 - 𝑎
3 2 2

Step 3: Take the reciprocals

X Y Z

3 2 -2

Step 4: convert the indices into set of smallest integers

322ത

Step 5: Enclose () the integer indices into set of smallest

numbers
written as (322ത )
$$ Let us determine the indices of the planes marked B

Step 1: If the plane passes through the selected origin,

select a parallel plane or shift the origin
No
Step 2: Determine the intercepts on each of the three
axes. If the plane is parallel to a direction take the
intercept as infinity

X Y
Z

-1/2a ∝
1/2a

Step 3: Take the reciprocals

X Y
Z
-2 0
2

Step 4: convert the indices into set of smallest integers

1ത 01
Step 5: Enclose the integer indices into set of smallest
numbers
written as (1ത 01)
 Determine the indices of the planes highlighted in the following figures

Z
Z
Z

B
B
YY
Y
A
A

XX (100)
X (110)

Y
A

(111)
X
 Family of directions:

 In cubic crystal all the directions represented by the following indices are
equivalent:

[100], [-100], [010], [0-10], [001], [0-10] are all equivalent directions. Why?

Equivalent directions are clubbed together in a family and enclosed in angular bracket
e.g. <100>

 Directions in cubic crystal without regard to order or sign are equivalent

 Family of planes
• A family of planes consist of crystallographically equivalent
planes. Why??
• Planes in cubic crystal without regard to order or sign are
equivalent
• How many members are there in the family {111}?
111 , 1ത 11
111ത , 11ത 1
1ത 1ത 1 , 1ത 11ത
11ത 1ത , 1ത 1ത 1ത