Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Evolution of Electrified Vehicles

Classification of Electric Vehicles
Evs / PEVs
Level of Hybridization
Hybridization Factor (HF)
Configurations of HEVs / PEVs

Example:
Chevrolet Volt
Fisker Karma
Renault Kangoo
Example: - Honda’s Insight, Civic, Accord
Example: - Toyota Prius HEV
Power Train Configuration
 Concept of PEVs

Ensures bi-directional power flow

 Comparison of Configurations
Parameter Series Parallel Series - Parallel

Driving Cycle Pre-defined city Highway Flexibility of

Driving Cycle Driving switching
Characteristics between Series
& Parallel

Weight Heavy Relatively Heavy

Lighter
Capital Cost High Low High
PEVs available in Market
Traction Modes of Operation
 Various Modes of Plug – In Operation
V0G Convenience Vehicle Starts to charge as soon
Charging as it’s plugged in like a typical
appliance
Timed T0U Charging Vehicle doesn’t charge until a
Charge given time – When rates and
grid load are low
V1G Smart Charging Vehicle communicates with the
grid in real time, and charges
exactly when the grid needs it
to. The vehicle also can provide
ancillary services for extra
revenue.
 Various Modes of Plug – In Operation
V2B V2 Home Like V2G, except the electrified
vehicle does not communicate with
the grid but instead with an individual
building’s energy management
system. No ancillary service.
V2G Vehicle to Gird Like V1G, except the car can
discharge, allowing a wider range of
grid services, as well as storage an
backup services.
V2G V2G but in future, when the grid has
NGU becomes more smarter and more
reliant on renewable energy,
efficiency etc.
Power System with Renewable Energy
Generation: Services Provided by PEVs

Passive Services:
– PEV used as load with optimizable consumption

Active Services:
– PEV provides power back to the grid
 Advantages of PEVs in Power System
Mitigates issues related to discontinuity / uncertainty
in availability of energy resources like wind, solar
energy etc.
Reduces stress on the main grid – posed due to
charging of PEVs in bulk
Avoids requirement of flexible supply-side balancing
resources (such as natural gas, oil fired plants etc.)
Avoids costs associated with ramping up and down of
the last flexible power plants in the system
Mitigates pollution
 Ancillary Services
• Active Power Control Reserve
• Voltage Support
• Compensation of Active Power Losses
• Black Start and Island operating Capability
• System Coordination
• Optional Measurement
V2G Concept
V2G – Typical
Cycle
V2H Concept
V2B Concept
V2B – Typical Cycle
PEVs vs. Energy
 Comparison
V2G V2B / V2H
Beneficial to the utility. Beneficial to the building/
home owner.

Allows for more control of the Energy Provides electricity to the

Storage System (ESS) and provides building/ home loads at a time
electricity at the time of utility’s greatest that reduces the electricity bill.
need and not simply at a time that
reduces the overall electricity bill of the
building.

Can become attractive to building Is attractive to building owner as

owners based on the incentives given by the direct electricity costs can be
the utilities. lowered in a controllable manner.

Several issues. Relatively less issues.

 Drives & Control
• Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors and
Induction Motors – most popular options.
• Most Popular Speed Control methods
–PMSM Motor: Electronic Speed Controller
(ESC)
–Induction Motor: Vector Control, V/f
method.
• Other options – Switched Reluctance Motor
(SRM)
 Bidirectional Converter Topologies

Single – Phase
System
Three – Phase
System
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter Topologies

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter

Two Quadrant (Buck-Boost) DC-DC Converter
Integrated Buck-Boost DC-DC Converters
 Bidirectional AC-DC Converter Topologies

Half Bridge PWM AC-

DC Converter –
1phase and 3phase
configurations
Full Bridge PWM AC-DC Converter – 1phase and
3phase configurations
Three-level PWM AC-DC Converter – 1phase and
3phase configurations
Stakeholders and Services Involved in V2G/ V2B/ V2H

Plug-in
Vehicle

Utility
Automotive Original Equipment
Manufacturer
Smart Meter
Aggregator
GPS Grid /
Internet Building
/ Home
 Opportunities for Engineers
Plug-in Vehicles – Technical Issues
• Issues pertaining to design
• Issues pertaining to operation
• Policy based issues
 Issues pertaining to Design
• Optimisation issues
– Efficiency issue of PHEV powertrain.
– High Capital Cost.
– Battery issues.
– Modification/ Up gradation of Distribution side
infrastructure.
• Design of Smart Meter
• Design of bidirectional communication network.
 Issues Pertaining to Operation
• Optimization issues.
– Smart Metering and Grid Interface Issues.
– Access to charging infrastructure.
– Battery life in terms of charge-discharge cycles
• Test and Evaluation.
• Safety Issues.
• Immaturity of V2G Aggregator Service Models
• Multiple Charging Networks and Billing Systems.
 Policy Based Issues
• Lack of Clear Government Policy Directives,
Standards and Market Support.
• Optimal tariff/ pricing/ Incentives.
• Stakeholder motivation
• Lack of universal codes and standards
• Consumer Education supported by effective
encouragement by the government and utility.
 Indian Government Policies
• National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020
(NEMMP 2020).
• Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of hybrid
and Electric Vehicles in India [FAME – India
Scheme] – extended upto 31 March 2019.
FAME-II coming soon.
• Delhi government’s EV policy (Draft released
on Nov 27th, 2018).
Transportation Electrification in India
Mahindra Electric Vehicles
Other Indian EVs
Electric 2-Wheelers
KSRTC – Electric Bus
Problem Faced