CHAPTER 1:

BY: Ms. Kim

• Understand the purpose and elements of
information systems.
• Recognize the different types of computers.
• Distinguish the main software types.
• Identify the components of a computer
system
• Understand how computers communicate.
 UNDERSTANDING
INFORMATION SYSTEMS

IS A COMPLETE
INFORMATION SYSTEM INTERCONNECTED
ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH RAW
DATA IS TURNED INTO USEFUL
PEOPLE
INFORMATION.
HARDWARE

SOFTWARE PROCEDURE
DATA
PERSONAL COMPUTERS

TABLET PC SMARTPHONES
DESKTOP PC NETBOOK/LAPTOP PC
MULTI-USER COMPUTERS

COMPUTER SERVER
SUPERCOMPUTER
MAINFRAME
 UNDERSTANDING
SOFTWARE TYPES

OPERATING SYSTEMS
THE PROGRAMS THAT TELLS
SOFTWARE
THE COMPUTER WHAT TO DO.
IT PROVIDES THE USER INTERFACE
IT RUNS APPLICATION

IT CONTROLS AND MANAGES THE FILE STORAGE SYSTEM

IT COMMUNICATES WITH THEBIOS

OPERATINGHARDWARE
SYSTEMS
 OPERATING SYSTEMS

UTILITY SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

 UNDERSTANDING
HARDWARE TYPES

HARDWARE IS THE PHYSICAL PARTS OF THE

COMPUTER SYSTEM.
 INPUT

COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS THAT HELP HUMANS
THAT PROVIDE
COMPONENTS THAT STORE
COMPONENTS THAT MOVE AND
THE RESULTS PUT
STORAGE DATAPROCESSING
OF THE INTO THE COMPUTER
SOFTWARE AND DATA UNTIL
PROCESSING
PROCESS THE DATA INSIDE THE
TO HUMANS. IT IS NEEDED.
COMPUTER.

OUTPUT

FIGURE 1.10 – THE INFORMATION

PROCESSING CYCLE
 OUTPUT: MONITOR

SYSTEM UNIT

INPUT: KEYBOARD, MOUSE

 IS A SINGLE BINARY DIGIT, WITH
BIT EITHER A 1 (ON) OR 0 (OFF)
VALUE.

AN 8 DIGIT BINARY NUMBER,

BYTE COMPOSED OF 8 BITS.

Example:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

BITS
8 BITS = 1 BYTE
BINARY BASE 2 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

BIT VALUE 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

8-BIT DIGIT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 BYTE
Example: IP ADDRESS (INTERNET
PROTOCOL)
192.168.10.100
COMPOSED OF 32 BITS
8 BITS 8 BITS 8 BITS 8 BITS

192 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

168 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Example: IP ADDRESS (INTERNET
PROTOCOL)
192.168.10.100
COMPOSED OF 32 BITS
8 BITS 8 BITS 8 BITS 8 BITS

10 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

100 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
 COMMON QUANTITIES OF
BYTES
TERM NUMBER OF BYTES

Kilobyte (KB) 1,024 (approximately 1 thousand)

Megabyte (MB) 1,048,576 (approximately 1 million)

Gigabyte (GB) 1,073,741,824 (approximately 1 billion)

Terabyte (TB) 1,099,411,627,776 (approximately 1 trillion)

Petabyte (PB) 1,125,899,906,842,624 (approximately 1 quadrillion)

INPUT DEVICES
PROCESSING DEVICES

PROCESSOR (CPU)
MOTHERBOARD

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)

OUTPUT DEVICES
STORAGE DEVICES
 DECIMAL
 NUMBERS ARE NORMALLY
REPRESENTED IN THEIR
DECIMAL FORM.
 NUMBERS IN DECIMAL
FORM ARE IN BASE 10.

Example:

12610 (NORMALLY WRITTEN AS JUST 126)

1110 (NORMALLY WRITTEN AS JUST 11)
BINARY
 NUMBERS IN BINARY ARE
IN BASE 2.
 THE ONLY LEGAL DIGITS
ARE 0 AND 1.

Example:

11111102
10112
OCTAL
 NUMBERS IN OCTAL ARE IN
BASE 8.
 THE ONLY LEGAL DIGITS
ARE 0-7.

Example:

1768
138
 HEXADECIMAL  NUMBERS IN
HEXADECIMAL ARE IN BASE
16.
 THE ONLY LEGAL DIGITS
ARE 0-9 AND THE LETTERS
A-F (lower case or upper
case).
Example:
7E16
B16

HEXADECIMAL 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

DECIMAL EQUIVALENT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
 Example: 12610 = ____
1111110
DECIMAL TO2BINARY

QUOTIENT REMAINDER
 DIVIDE THE NUMBER CONTINOUSLY BY BASE 2
126/2 =AND GET THE
63 REMAINDER (WHICH
0 IS EITHER 0
63/2 =OR 1). 31 1
WRITE THE
31/2 = 15 1 REMAINDER FROM
BOTTOM TO TOP TO
15/2 = 7 1 GET THE BINARY
7/2 = 3 1 NUMBER

3/2 = 1 1
1/2 = 1
 BINARY TO DECIMAL

Example: 126 10
11111102 = ____
 MULTIPLY THE BINARY DIGIT TO BASE 2 RAISED
POSITION TO6THE POSITION
5 4 OF3 THE 2BINARY
1 NUMBER.
0

 ADD ALL THE PRODUCTS TO GET THE

BINARY DIGITS 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
RESULTING DECIMAL NUMBER.
0 X 20 = 0
1 X 21 = 2
1 X 22 = 4
1 X 23 = 8
1 X 24 = 16
1 X 25 = 32
1 X 26 = 64
12610
 DECIMAL TO OCTAL/HEXADECIMAL

Example:
 CONVERTING DECIMAL NUMBERS TO OCTAL OR
HEXADECIMAL
DECIMAL TO OCTAL IS126
10 = 176
BASICALLY THE SAME AS
____ 8
CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY.
 INSTEAD OF HAVING BASE REMAINDER
QUOTIENT 2 AS THE DIVISOR,
REPLACE IT WITH BASE 8 OR BASED 16
126/8 = 15 6 WRITE THE
REMAINDER FROM
15/8 = 1 7 BOTTOM TO TOP TO
1/8 = 1 GET THE OCTAL
NUMBER
Example:
DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL 7E 16
12610 = ____

QUOTIENT REMAINDER
(14 IS EQUAL TO HEX
126/16 = 7 14 DIGIT E)
7/16 = 7
WRITE THE
REMAINDER FROM
BOTTOM TO TOP TO
GET THE OCTAL
NUMBER
 OCTAL TO DECIMAL

 CONVERTING OCTAL OR HEXADECIMAL

NUMBERS IS ALSO THE SAME AS CONVERTING
BINARY NUMBERS TO DECIMAL.

Example: 126 10
1768 = ____
POSITION 2 1 0

OCTAL DIGITS 1 7 6
6 X 80 = 6
7 X 81 = 56
1 X 82 = 64
12610
 HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

 CONVERTING OCTAL OR HEXADECIMAL

NUMBERS IS ALSO THE SAME AS CONVERTING
BINARY NUMBERS TO DECIMAL.

Example: 126 10
7E16 = ____
POSITION 1 0

HEXA DIGITS 7 E
14 X 160 = 14
7 X 161 = 112

12610
 BINARY TO OCTAL / OCTAL TO BINARY

 PARTITION THE BINARY NUMBER INTO

GROUPS OF 3 DIGITS (FROM RIGHT TO LEFT).
 PAD IT WITH ZEROS IF THE NUMBER OF
DIGITS IS NOT DIVISIBLE BY 3.
 CONVERT EACH PARTITION INTO ITS
CORRESPONDING OCTAL DIGIT.
 CONVERTING OCTAL NUMBERS TO BINARY
SIMPLY CONVERT EACH OCTAL DIGIT INTO ITS
BINARY REPRESENTATION (GIVEN THE TABLE)
AND CONCATENATE THEM.
Example: 176 8
11111102 = ____

1 7 6
EQUIVALENT OCTAL NUMBER
BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL / HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

 PARTITION THE BINARY NUMBER INTO

GROUPS OF 4 DIGITS (FROM RIGHT TO LEFT).
 PAD IT WITH ZEROS IF THE NUMBER OF
DIGITS IS NOT DIVISIBLE BY 4.
 CONVERT EACH PARTITION INTO ITS
CORRESPONDING HEXADECIMAL DIGIT.
 CONVERTING OCTAL NUMBERS TO BINARY
SIMPLY CONVERT EACH HEXADECIMAL DIGIT
INTO ITS BINARY REPRESENTATION (GIVEN
THE TABLE) AND CONCATENATE THEM.
Example: 7E 16
11111102 = ____

7 E
EQUIVALENT HEXADECIMAL NUMBER