Teletrafic Engineering

Transmission and Switching Systems Dr.
Abdul Latif
Lecture-9:
Teletraffic Engineering
Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 1

Transmission and Switching Systems Dr. Abdul Latif
Traffic Analysis
• Traffic Analysis Techniques can be divided in two general
categories:
• Loss System
 Overload traffic is rejected without being serviced.
 Conventional circuit switching operates as a loss system
since excess traffic is blocked and not serviced without a
retry.
 Lost calls actually represent a loss of revenue to the carriers
by virtue of their not being completed.

Traffic Analysis
• Delay System
 Overload traffic is held in a queue until the facilities
become available to service it.
 Store-and-forward message or packet switching obviously
possesses the basic characteristics of a delay system
 Sometimes, however, a packet-switching operation can also
contain certain aspects of a loss system.
 Limited queue sizes and limited number of virtual circuits
both imply loss operations during traffic overloads.

What is Teletraffic?
• A flow of telephone calls within a telephone exchange.
OR
• From one exchange to the other one.
• The study of this behavior is called Tele-traffic Engineering.

• Traffic Analysis
• Traffic Forecast


Traffic Parameters-GoS
• Grade of Service: The percentage of calls that encounter
some kind of blockage.
• GoS depends on Traffic Intensity and No. of trunks available.
• Traffic Intensity: Quantity of traffic carried on a trunk group

during the busy hour.
• Trunks: Dedicated circuits required to carry calls from one

exchange to another exchange.

Traffic measurement unit: Erlong

• When a circuit is continuously busy for a period of one hour,
the traffic it carries will be ONE ERLANG.
• Named after Agner Krarup Erlang (a Denish Scientist)

Traffic Types
• Traffic Offered (Call Attempts)
• Traffic Lost (Call Failure)
• Traffic Answered (Call Success)

Reasons of Call Failures

• Due to Customer Behavior
 Wrong Number Dialed
 No Answer
 Busy Subscriber
 Long Delay
• Due to System
 Technical irregularities
Internal
External

Terms of Traffic Measurement

• Answer to Seizure Ratio (ASR):
Number of Answered Calls

100
Number of seized Calls
• Normally desirable ASR values start from 40%.


• Call Completion Ratio:
Number of calls completed

100
Number of attempted calls


• Call Failure Rate (CFR):
Number of calls failed
100
Number of calls seized


• Mean Holding Time:
 This is the average time duration for which a circuit is busy
in a specified period.
 (Call setup time + Conversation time + call release)


• Mean Conversation Time:
 This is the average time of conversation on calls during a
specified period.


• Busy Hour Call Attempts (BHCA):
 Exchange load in busy hour
 Exchange load may not go beyond 70-80% of its designed
value
 EWSD switch CP 113C can support 6 million call attempts
in the busy hour.


• Trunk Efficiency:
 It is the efficiency of a circuit /trunk to handle traffic.
 (0.8 Erlang/Ckt. As per PTCL standards)

Traffic Measurement Example

A trunk / circuit is engaged on different calls for a total time of
25 minutes per hour. During this, the traffic intensity on
average is:
25
Intensity (Erlang) = --------- = 0. 41
60


One hour measurement on four trunks/ circuits on a route
show that these are engaged for 25, 15, 18 and 12 minutes
respectively.
(25  15  18  12)
Intensity (Erlong) 
60
= 1.2


In a local exchange, total number of calls during one hour are
1800. The average holding time is 3 minutes:
Traffic Density (A) = Call intensity (Y) X Mean Holding time
A = 1800 X 3 = 90 Erlangs
60

Types of Traffic
• Originating Traffic:
It Corresponds to the traffic generated by
subscriber connected to the exchange.
• Terminating Traffic:
It Corresponds to traffic received by subscribers
connected to the exchange.
• Incoming External Traffic:

The traffic received on trunks from other
exchanges.
Types of Traffic
• Outgoing External Traffic:
 The traffic destined for other exchanges.
• Internal Traffic:
 Part of the originating traffic destined for subscribers
connected to the exchange.
• Transit Traffic:
 Part of the incoming external traffic destined to other
exchange.
• Originating Outgoing Traffic:
 Originating traffic destined for other exchanges.

Congestion
• It is the probability that the calls cannot be
connected due to the lack of resources through
the switching network.
Number of calls rejected

Call Congestion = -------------------------------
Number of calls offered

Traffic Samples-Processed Data

Traffic Samples-GoS

Traffic Carried (ERL)
50
100
150
250
300
350
400
450
200
0
0:15 30
30
0:45 23
15
1:15 16
14
1:45 9
7
2:15 7
8
2:45 5
4
3:15 5
6
3:45 5
5
4:15 5
4
4:45 3
4
5:15 4
4
5:45 5
5
6:15 6
7
6:45 8
9
7:15 9
11
7:45 13
17
8:15 17
24
8:45 23
34
9:15 47
65
9:45 78
87
Transmission and Switching Systems
10:15 109
119
10:45 131
151
Design Threshold (0.8 / Cct)
11:15 162
172
11:45 182
176
12:15 192
Time
212
12:45 222
205
13:15 205
191
13:45 163
165
14:15 159
154
14:45 158
167
15:15 159
158
15:45 161
155
16:15 150
156
Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro

16:45 173
177
17:15 157
154
17:45 138
129
18:15 132
139
18:45 133
Route Capacity Limit (1 Erl/Cct)
134
19:15 127
97
19:45 79
105
20:15 125
123
Traffic Samples-line graphs
20:45 109
94
21:15 87
83
21:45 85
89
22:15 80
82
22:45 77
67
23:15 58
57
Dr. Abdul Latif
26
23:45 43
Traffic Samples-line graphs

• TRAFFIC MONITORING OF EWSD CX HYDERABAD
• Record Date 02-Jul-13
• Connected Circuits 397
• Avg. Traffic 86 Erl.
• Justified Circuits (On Avg. Traffic) 104
• Route Name JCEN30 - MSU CENTRAL-III FOR 0-LEVEL
• Design Threshold (ccts) 318
• Peak Traffic 222 Erl.
• Justified Circuits (On Peak Traffic) 246
• Peak Traffic / Cct 0.56 Erl.

Traffic Samples-Pi graphs
No Answer Subs Busy

37% 14%
UnAll No Tech Irreg

3% 1%
Incmp Dial Call Fail

0% 2%
UnSuccessfull Calls
Congestion
1%
Answered Calls
42%

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Transmission and Switching Systems Dr.

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 1

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 2

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 3

• The study of this behavior is called Tele-traffic Engineering.

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 4

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 5

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 6

• Traffic Intensity: Quantity of traffic carried on a trunk group

• Trunks: Dedicated circuits required to carry calls from one

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 7

Traffic measurement unit: Erlong

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 8

• Traffic Lost (Call Failure)

• Traffic Answered (Call Success)

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 9

Reasons of Call Failures

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 10

Terms of Traffic Measurement

Number of Answered Calls

• Normally desirable ASR values start from 40%.

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 11

Terms of Traffic Measurement

Number of calls completed

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 12

Terms of Traffic Measurement

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 13

Terms of Traffic Measurement

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 14

Terms of Traffic Measurement

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 15

Terms of Traffic Measurement

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 16

Terms of Traffic Measurement

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 17

Traffic Measurement Example

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 18

Traffic Measurement Example

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 19

Traffic Measurement Example

Traffic Density (A) = Call intensity (Y) X Mean Holding time

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 20

• Incoming External Traffic:

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 22

Number of calls rejected

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 23

Traffic Samples-Processed Data

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 24

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 25

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro

Traffic Samples-line graphs

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 27

Traffic Samples-Pi graphs

No Answer Subs Busy

UnAll No Tech Irreg

Incmp Dial Call Fail

Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 28

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