Chapter 6

Bandwidth Utilization:
Multiplexing and
Spreading
 SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION

INTRODUCTION
Spread spectrum (SS) is a modulation technique in
which transmitted bandwidth is larger than
information bearing signal bandwidth.

or

The bit rate of the spreading sequence is much higher

than the input data.
 SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION

INTRODUCTION
Spread spectrum (SS) is a modulation technique in
which transmitted bandwidth is larger than
information bearing signal bandwidth.
For analog
signals
 SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION

INTRODUCTION

The bit rate of the spreading sequence is much higher

than the input data. For digital
signals
 SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION

For analog
signals For digital
Where L is Spreading factor/ processing gain signals
 SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION

INTRODUCTION

The spectrum spreading is accomplished before

transmission through the use of a code that is
independent of the data sequence. The same code is
used in the receiver to de-spread the received signal so
that the original data sequence may be received.
 NEED OF SPREAD SPECTRUM

Bandwidth
Utilisation

Multiple
Multiplexing Access
Scheme

FDM TDM CDM WDM FDMA TDMA CDMA SDMA IDMA

SS used in
Wavelength CDMA Interleaver
DM Division MA

Space
Division MA
 NEED OF SPREAD SPECTRUM

Drawbacks of FDMA and TDMA:

1. Spectral Efficiency: Bandwidth of transmitted

signal is narrow band because of which lot of draw
backs are there.
2. Concentrated Spectrum: Easy Detection because of
which easy hacking.
3. Narrowband: having very little redundancy, more
susceptible to jamming.
 Significance of Spread Spectrum

1. Immunity to jamming
2. Low interference
3. High processing gain
4. Easy Encryption
5. Greater security
6. Multiple access technique

Spread spectrum is characterized by: Wide Bandwidth and Low Power

Jamming and interference have less effect on Spread spectrum because

it is: Resembles noise Hard to detect Hard to intercept
 Types Of Spread Spectrum

1. DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUE (DSSS)

2. FREQUENCY HOP SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUE (FHSS)
3. CARRIER SERVICE MULTIPLE ACCESS SPREAD SPECTRUM
4. TIME HOPING
5. HYBRID SPREAD SPECTRUM
 Pseudo Noise(PN) Sequence/Code

Apart from occupying a very large bandwidth , SS signals are

pseudo random and have noise like properties when compared
with digital information data.

The spreading waveform is controlled by a pseudo noise (PN)

sequence or pseudo noise code, which is a binary sequence that
appears random but can be reproduced in a deterministic manner
by intended receivers.

The PN sequence is usually generated using sequential logic

circuit, a feedback register consists of consecutive stages of two
state memory devices and feedback logic.
 Pseudo Noise(PN) Sequence/Code

For an m-stage feedback shift register, there are exactly 2^m-1

non-zero states and hence, the period of a PN sequence , produced
by a linear m-stage shift register can not exceed 2^m-1 symbols.

A sequence of period 2^m-1, generated by a linear feedback

register is called a maximum length (ML) sequence.
 Choosing a Maximal Length Sequence

The last of finding the required feed back logic is made

particularly easy by virtue of the extensive tables of the necessary
feedback connections for varying shift register lengths. Following
table presents the sets of maximal(feedback) taps pertaining to
shift register length m= 2,3,….8.
Shift Register Length, m Feedback Taps
2 [2,1]
3 [3,1]
4 [4,1]
5 [5,2],[5,4,3,2],[5,4,2,1]
6 [6,1],[6,5,2,1],[6,5,3,2]
7 [7,1],[7,3],[7,3,2,1],[7,4,3,2][7,6,4,2],[7,6,3,1],[7,6,5,2]
,[7,6,5,4,2,1],[7,5,4,3,2,1]
8 [8,4,3,2],[8,6,5,3],[8,6,5,2],[8,5,3,1],[8,6,5,1],[8,7,6,1]
,[8,7,6,5,2,1],[8,6,4,3,2,1]
 Basic Idea of Spread Spectrum

An important aspect of spread spectrum modulation is that it can

provide protection against externally generated interfacing
(jamming) signals with finite power.
The jamming signal may consists of a fairly powerful broadband
noise or multi-tone waveform that is diverted at the receiver for
the purpose of disrupting communications.
Protection against jamming waveforms is provided by purposely
making the information bearing signal occupy a bandwidth far in
excess of the minimum bandwidth necessary to transmit it.
 Basic Idea of Spread Spectrum

m(t) = c(t).b(t)

b(t) m(t) m(t) r(t)

c(t) i(t)
(a) Transmitter (b) Channel

(c) Receiver
 Basic Idea of Spread Spectrum

The received signal r(t) consists of the transmitted signal m(t) plus
an additive interference denoted by i(t), as shown in the channel
model of figure.
r(t) = m(t)+ i(t)
r(t) = c(t)b(t)+i(t)
To recover the original message signal b(t), the received signal r(t)
is applied to a demodulator that consists of a multiplier followed
by an integrator and a decision device.
The multiplier output is given as
z(t) = c(t)r(t)
z(t) = c(t)c(t)b(t) + c(t)i(t)
 Basic Idea of Spread Spectrum

The PN signal c(t) alternates between the levels -1 and +1, hence
C^2(t) = 1 for all t
z(t) = b(t) + c(t)i(t)
Thus we see that the data signal b(t) is reproduced at the
multiplier output in the receiver, except for the effect of the
interference represented by the additive term c(t)i(t).
 Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum

•Frequency hopping involves a periodic change of transmission

frequency.
•A frequency hopping signal may be regarded as a sequence of
modulated data bursts with time varying, pseudo random carrier
frequencies.
•The set of possible carrier frequencies is called the hop set.
•Hopping occurs over a frequency band that includes a number of
channels.
•Each channel is defined as a spectral region with narrow-band
modulation burst (usually FSK) having the corresponding carrier
frequency.
 Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum

•The bandwidth of a channel used in the hop set is called the

instantaneous bandwidth.
•The bandwidth of the spectrum over which the hopping occurs is
called the total hopping bandwidth.
•Datais sent by hopping the transmitter carrier to seemingly
random channels which are only to the desired receiver.
•On each channel, small bursts of data are sent using
conventional narrowband modulation before the transmitter hops
again.
 Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum

Single Channel Modulation:

If only a single carrier frequency is used on each hop, digital data
modulation is called as single channel modulation. Figure shows
a single channel FHSS system.
 Figure 6.28 Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)

6.21
 Figure 6.29 Frequency selection in FHSS

6.22
 Figure 6.30 FHSS cycles

6.23
 Figure 6.31 Bandwidth sharing

6.24
 Figure 6.32 DSSS

6.25
 Figure 6.33 DSSS example

6.26