SITE PLANNING & LANDSCAPE

ARCHITECTURE
PLANNING 01
 INTRODUCTION TO SITE PLANNING &
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
• MAN IS AN ANIMAL THAT STILL RETAINS AND
IS LARGELY MOTIVATED BY HIS NATURAL
INSTINCTS
• TO PLAN FOR MAN INTELLIGENTLY ONE MUST
ACKNOWLEDGE & ACCOMMODATE THESE
INSTINCTS: THE FAILURE OF MANY AN
IMPORTANT PLANNING PROJECT CAN BE
TRACED TO THE FAILURE OF THE PLANNER TO
RECOGNIZED THIS SIMPLE FACT
• MAN’S ESSENTIAL STRENGTH – THE VERY
REASON FOR HIS SURVIVAL & THE KEY TO ALL
FUTURE ACHIEVEMENT – IS HIS UNIQUE
POWER OF PERCEPTION (MAKING ONESELF OF
ALL CONDITIONS & APPLICABLE FACTORS) &
DEDUCTION (DERIVING THROUGH REASON,
AN APPROPRIATE COURSE OF ACTION) ARE
THE VERY ESSENCE OF PLANNING
• A PLANNER MUST BE CONVERSANT WITH
NATURE WITH ALL FEATURES, FORCES, &
FORMS;
• CAN INSTINCTIVELY RECOGNIZE THE NATURAL
CHARACTERISTICS, LIMITATIONS, & FULLEST
PLANNING RESPONSIBILITIES FOR ANY MAJOR
TRACT OF LAND, LOCAL BUILDING SITE OR
LANDSCAPE AREA
• MAN’S PLANNING MAY BE ABLE TO ACHIEVE
THE CONSCIOUS DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM
OF HARMONIOUS RELATIONSHIPS

• HISTORY HAS SHOWN SEVERAL INSPIRING

EXAMPLES OF MAN IN CONTROL OF, YET IN
HARMONY WITH NATURE
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 LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
• IS PRODUCED BY AREAS THAT POSSESS A
NATURALNESS WITH AN APPARENT
HARMONY OR UNITY AMONG ALL THE
NATURAL ELEMENTS – GROUND FORMS,
ROCK FORMATIONS, VEGETATION & EVEN
ANIMAL LIFE
 NATURAL LANDSCAPE
• IS SOMETHING TO BE OBSERVED WHERE THE
USE OF THE LAND IS THE MOST IMPORTANT
FACTOR IN THE THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING
OF ITS LANDSCAPE CHARACTER;
• THE PLANNER MUST FIRST COMPREHEND THE
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS & NATURE OF
THE SITE & ITS EXTENSIONAL ENVIRONMENT,
BEFORE HE CAN ACCOMPLISH:
• 1. DETERMINE THOSE PROJECTS OR USES
WHICH ARE CLEARLY UNSUITABLE & WHICH
WOULD BE INCONGRUOUS NOT ONLY TO THE
IMMEDIATE SITE BUT ALSO IN THE
SURROUNDING LANDSCAPE AREA;
• AN UNSUITABLE USE GENERATES FRICTIONS
THAT MAY DESTROY THE MOST DESIRABLE
QUALITIES OF THE LANDSCAPE & FUNCTION
• 2. RECOGNIZE THOSE USES FOR WHICH THE
SITE IS BEST SUITED & WHICH WILL EXPLOIT
ITS FULL POTENTIAL;
• 3. INTRODUCE INTO THE AREA ONLY THOSE
USES WHICH ARE APPROPRIATE;
• 4. APPLY & DEVELOP THESE USES
INTELLIGENTLY IN STUDIED RELATIONSHIP TO
THE LANDSCAPE FEATURES;
• 5. ENSURE THAT THE PLANNED PROJECT
COMPRISES A COMPLEX OF FUNCTIONS
IDEALLY RELATED TO THE BEST FEATURE OF
THE SITE; &
• 6. ENSURE THAT THESE APPLIED USES ARE
INTEGRATED TO PRODUCE A MODIFIED
LANDSCAPE THAT IS VISUALLY &
FUNCTIONALLY BEAUTIFUL WHERE BEAUTY IS
CONSIDERED AN ELEMENT OF FUNCTION
• ANYTHING PLANNED IN THE LANDSCAPE
AFFECTS THE LANDSCAPE – EACH NEW PLAN
APPLICATION SETS UP A SERIES OF REACTIONS
& COUNTERREACTIONS ON BOTH IMMEDIATE
SITE & ON THE EXTENSIONAL ENVIRONMENT
 LANDSCAPE ORGANIZATION
• THE NATURAL LANDSCAPE IS A REPOSE OF
EQUILIBRIUM;

• IT HAS ITS OWN COHESIVE, HARMONIOUS

ORDER IN WHICH ALL FORMS ARE AN
EXPRESSION OF TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATE,
NATURAL GROWTH & THE FORCES OF
NATURE
• THE ORGANIZATION OF ANY AREA
• MAY ENTAIL A CONCENTRATION OF ITS
NATURAL LANDSCAPE CHARACTER,
• AN INTEGRATION OF NATURAL & MAN-MADE
ELEMENTS,
• OR THE CREATION OF A WHOLLY MAN-MADE
COMPLEX OF SPACES & FORMS
 THE PLANNED LANDSCAPE
• NEGATIVE QUALITIES OF AREAS ARE THOSE
THAT ONE ATTEMPTS TO ELIMINATE BY
PLANNING;

• THE POSITIVE ELEMENTS OF SUCH

DEVELOPED AREAS ARE THOSE THAT ONE
STRIVES TO RETAIN & EMPHASIZE
FOLLOWING THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
IN PLANNING:
• simplicity,balance,proportion,focalization,RH
YTHM & LINE
 SIMPLICITY
• THIS MAY BE INCORPORATED IN SEVERAL
WAYS:
• REPETITION OF THE SAME SPECIES OF PLANTS,
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL, OR COLOR IS ONE
OF THE EASIEST WAYS TO KEEP A LANDSCAPE
SIMPLE;
• MASSING OF PLANTS CAN GIVE THE
LANDSCAPE A SENSE OF UNITY SINCE THE
INDIVIDUAL PLANTS DO NOT COMPETE
 BALANCE
• TWO TYPES USEFUL TO RESIDENTIAL DESIGN:
• 1. ASYMMETRIC BALANCE CREATES THE SAME
AMOUNT OF INTEREST ON BOTH SIDES OF
THE OUTDOOR ROOM, BUT DOES NOT
CREATE AN EXACT DUPLICATION;
• 2. SYMMETRIC BALANCE, ONE SIDE OF THE
OUTDOOR ROOM IS PLANTED & BUILT
EXACTLY THE SAME AS THE OPPOSITE SIDE
CREATING A FORMAL APPEARANCE
 PROPORTION
• THIS IS CONCERNED WITH THE SIZE
RELATIONSHIP OF THE FEATURES OF THE
LANDSCAPE;
• CAN BE APPLIED TO PLANTS, CONSTRUCTED
FEATURES & BUILDINGS;
• ALL MUST BE IN PROPER SIZE RELATIONSHIP
WITH EACH OTHER, & IN THE GENERAL SENSE,
WITH THE PERSONS USING THE LANDSCAPE
 FOCALIZATION
• APPLIED TO EVERY OUTDOOR ROOM IN ONE
OR TWO SELECTED SPOTS;
• BASED UPON THE KNOWLEDGE THAT WHEN
THE HUMAN EYE VIEWS A SCENE, IT IS
ATTRACTED IMMEDIATELY TO ONE FEATURE,
THEN GRADUALLY TAKES IN THE ADJACENT
ITEMS;
• THE FEATURE WHICH FIRST ATTRACTS THE
EYE IS KNOWN AS THE FOCAL POINT;
• IT MAY DRAW ATTENTION THROUGH ITS
SHAPE, COLOR, SIZE, TEXTURE, SOUND OR
MOTION;
• EXAMPLE: SPECIMEN PLANTS WHICH ARE
HIGHLY ATTRACTIVE, UNUSUAL PLANTS,
FLOWERS, STATUES, & FOUNTAINS
 RHYTHM & LINE
• THE FINAL DESIGN PRINCIPLE USED TO
CREATE A SENSE OF MOVEMENT FOR THE EYE;

• GENTLY ROLLING BEDLINES & STEPPED

PLANT ARRANGEMENTS ARE METHODS BY
WHICH THIS SENSE OF MOTION IS CREATED
WITHIN AN OUTDOOR ROOM;
 COURSES OF ACTION IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF MINOR LANDSCAPE
ELEMENTS
• 1. PRESERVATION OF THE NATURAL FORM
• 2. DESTRUCTION OF NATURAL FORM
• 3. ACCENTUATION OF NATURAL FORM
• 4. ALTERATION OF NATURAL FORM
• THE ULTIMATE PRINCIPLE OF LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE IS MERELY THE APPLICATION
& ADJUSTMENT OF ONE SYSTEM TO
ANOTHER, WHERE CONTRASTING SUBJECTS
ARE BROUGHT INTO HARMONIOUS
RELATIONSHIP RESULTING IN A SUPERIOR
UNITY CALLED “ORDER”
 PLANNING OBJECTIVES
• 1. PRESERVATION & ENHANCEMENT OF THE
CHARACTER OF THE SITE BY RETAINING
NATURAL FEATURES SUCH AS GROUND
FORMS, TREES & OTHER NATURAL
VEGETATION TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT
FEASIBLE;
• 2. UTILIZATION OF SITE POTENTIAL TO THE
BEST ADVANTAGE BY LOCATING & ORIENTING
BUILDINGS SO THAT THEY ARE COMPATIBLE
WITH SITE NATURAL RESOURCES & IN
HARMONY WITH ITS ENVIRONMENT
• 3. DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SITE ACCESS POINTS,
PARKING LOTS, BUILDING, SERVICE AREAS &
OTHER PROJECT SITE ELEMENTS
• 4. PROVISION OF USABLE SITE & BUILDING
ACCESS FOR THE DISABLED
• 5. WHEN REQUIRED, PROVISION FOR
ORDERLY FUTURE EXPANSION OF BUILDINGS,
PARKING & SUPPORT FACILITIES
 HISTORICAL REFERENCES
• HISTORY IS THE PRINCIPAL RESOURCE IN
DEVELOPING AN UNDERSTANDING OF ANY
DESIGN DISCIPLINE PROVIDING THE
OPPORTUNITY TO IDENTIFY PRIMARY MODELS
& SCRUTINIZE THEIR APPLICABILITY TO
CURRENT CONDITIONS; & THAT
• IT WAS A NATURAL EXTENSION OF
ARCHITECTURE & CITY PLANNING
• TO SOME CULTURES, FIXING THE PLACE WAS
A SITE-SPECIFIC CONVENTION;

• TO THE ROMANS, THERE WAS A

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SITES & PEOPLE
• THE FORM OF A CITY IS A REFLECTION OF THE
SOCIAL, POLITICAL, CULTURAL & ECONOMIC
FORCES AT WORK IN THAT SOCIETY OVER AN
EXTENDED PERIOD;

• SITE PLANNING IN HISTORY SHOWS THE

RELATIONSHIPS THAT THE ANCIENTS
STRUCTURED BETWEEN MAN, EARTH, DIETY,
& THE PHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THOSE
ALLIANCES TO SITE & SETTLEMENT
• GENIUS LOCI OR SPIRIT OF THE PLACE WAS A
ROMAN CONCEPT IN WHICH EVERY PERSON
HAS A GUARDIAN SPIRIT, GENIUS, OR
GUIDING FORCE THAT WAS TRYING TO SHAPE
CHARACTER REFLECTIVE OF MAN ’ S
PERCEPTION OF LIFE & DESTINY;
• GIVES MEANING TO THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN PLACES & PEOPLE
• EACH CULTURE NURTURED A PHILOSOPHY
THAT WAS UNIQUE TO A CULTURE OR
REGION WITH A COMMON QUALITY THAT
WAS INTEGRATED WITH THE PHYSICAL,
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT WITH THE
SUPERNATURAL, RELIGIOUS ONE WITH
MAN ’ S OBLIGATION TO MAINTAIN A
BALANCE BETWEEN THEM
• FENG SHUI, A CHINESE GEOMANCY THAT
PROVIDES EXAMPLES IN WHICH MOUNTAINS
CORRESPOND WITH PLANETS;
• BUILDINGS WERE SITED & DESIGNED WITH
THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE OF PROVIDING AN
INDIRECT ACCESS THAT WOULD TRAP OR
SHIELD A HOME FROM INTRUSION BY AN EVIL
SPIRIT;
• THE GEOMANCER BELIEVED THAT EACH SITE
WAS VESTED WITH NATURAL AURA OR
FORCES;
• FROM CENTURIES LONG PROCESS OF CHANGE
IS THE EVOLUTION OF FOUR BASIC FORMS
USED TO FIX A PLACE OR FORMS SPACE:
• FOUR CONCEPTS & THEIR NUMEROUS
VARIATIONS MAKE UP THE BASIC MANMADE
MODELS COMMON IN THE BUILT
ENVIRONMENT

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1. THE IMAGE &
FORM OF THE
OBJECT
BUILDING ARE
CAPABLE OF
FIXING A PLACE:
2. A COLLECTION
OF
INDEPENDENT
STRUCTURES,
WHICH
ALTHOUGH
UNATTACHED,
CREATE AN
INHERENT
IMAGE OF
PLACE:
3. THE FORM OF
A BUILDING
CAN BE SUCH
THAT A PLACE
MAY BE FIXED
BY THE
ENCLOSURE
OF ITS
FACADE:
4. ALTHOUGH THE
KINETIC
IMPLICATIONS OF
THE WORD “PATH”
ARE SOMEWHAT
CONTRADICTORY,
PATHS ARE
NONETHELESS
CAPABLE OF
FORMING COHERENT,
MEANINGFUL
IMAGES:
• THESE FOUR CONCEPTS & THEIR NUMEROUS
VARIATIONS MAKE UP THE BASIC MANMADE
MODELS COMMON IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT;

• INTERLOCKING PARTS OF THE CHALLENGE OF

CREATING PLACE :
• A. TO FORM SPACE THAT PERMITS A PLURALITY OF
INTERPRETATIONS;
• B. INTEGRATE THE IDENTITY OF MAN WITH THE
IDENTITY OF EARTH
 PARAMETERS OF SITE SELECTION &
ANALYSIS
• FOR EVERY SITE THERE IS AN IDEAL USE;
• FOR EVERY USE THERE IS AN IDEAL SITE
• A PLANNER SHOULD BE ABLE TO PARTNER A
PROPOSED FUNCTION TO A SITE THAT IS
COMPATIBLE WITH THE MOST IMPORTANT
FUNCTION OF GUIDING THE ENTERPRENEUR
TO THE SELECTION OF THE BEST POSSIBLE
SITE FOR THE PROJECT
ABSTRACT LINE EXPRESSIONS IN
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
 DISPERSION OF PLAN ELEMENTS
• THE LANDSCAPE FEATURES OF THE SITE MAY
BE EMBRACED BY THE DISPERSIONOF
STRUCTURAL OR OTHER PLANNED ELEMENTS
INTO THE LANDSCAPE
LAWS THAT HAVE AN AESTHETIC FEATURE

• PD 1096 OR THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

• ITS PRIMARY PURPOSE IS TO PROVIDE FOR
ALL BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES A
FRAMEWORK OF MINIMUM STANDARD
REQUIREMENTS TO REGULATE & CONTROL
THEIR LOCATION, SITE, DESIGN, QUALITY OF
MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION , MAINTENANCE,
USE & OCCUPANCY;
• FURTHER, IT SEEKS TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM
SAFETY IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH
PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON MODERN & UP TO
DATE DESIGN STANDARDS & SEISMIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDINGS CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING
POWERFUL EARTHQUAKES & OTHER
CALAMITIES WHICH ARE OCCURING IN
SEEMINGLY INCREASING FREQUENCY;
• THIS CODE PROVIDES NOT CONTROL FOR
HEALTH & SAFETY BUT THE STANDARDS FOR
HOUSING & BUILDING FOR AESTHETIC GOALS
• SUBDIVISION LAW
• EMPHATICALLY SPECIFIES THE ROAD WIDTH,
THE FRONTAGE FOR LAWNS IN COMPLEX
SUBDIVISIONS;

• THERE ARE SPECIFIED SIZES FOR OPEN SPACES

& AREAS FOR DRAINAGE & SEWERAGE
• PD 825 PROVIDING PENALTY FOR IMPROPER
DISPOSAL & OTHER FORMS OF
UNCLEANLINESS & FOR OTHER PURPOSES
• ALL CITIZENS, RESIDENTS OF THE PHIL., ALL
UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, & SIMILAR
INSTITUTIONS, PRIVATE OR PUBLIC, ALL
COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL
ESTABLISHMENTS, ALL PUBLIC CONVEYANCES,
• ALL RESIDENTIAL HOUSES, ETC. SHALL
UNDERTAKE THE CLEANING OF THEIR
SURROUNDINGS, THEIR YARDS & GARDENS,
AS WELL AS CANALS, ROADS OR STREETS IN
THE IMMEDIATE PREMISES
• PD 296 DIRECTING ALL PERSONS, NATURAL
OR JURIDICAL, TO RENOUNCE & MOVE OUT
OF PORTIONS OF RIVERS, CREEKS, ESTEROS,
DRAINAGE CHANNELS & OTHER SIMILAR
WATERWAYS ENCROACHED UPON THEM &
PRESCRIBING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATION
• THIS DECREE, ALTHOUGH BASICALLY FLOOD
PREVENTION IN NATURE, ALSO HAS AN
AESTHETIC PURPOSE WHICH IS TO BRING
BACK THE NATURAL BEAUTY OF THE RIVERS,
CREEKS, & SIMILAR WATERWAYS WHICH
HAVE BEEN DESTROYED BY MAN
 AMENITY
• REFERS TO THE PLEASANTNESS OF THE
URBAN ENVIRONMENT AS A PLACE TO LIVE,
WORK & SPEND ONE’S LEISURE TIME;

• REFERS TO THE PERCEPTUAL ASPECTS OF

URBAN SURROUNDINGS –THEIR AESTHETIC
APPEARANCES TO THE EYE & THE COMFORT &
ENJOYMENT OFFERED TO THE OTHER SENSES
• THE FIVE SENSES OF PUBLIC INTEREST ARE:
• -- HEALTH;
• --SAFETY;
• --CONVENIENCE;
• --ECONOMY; &
• --AMENITY
• THE INCREASED IMPORTANCE BEING
ATTACHED TO AMENITY AS A DIMENSION OF
PUBLIC HEALTH & WELL-BEING MAY RESULT
IN A MORE POSITIVE RECOGNITION OF
AESTHETICS AS A BASIS FOR THE EXERCISE OF
REGULATORY CONTROLS IN THE FUTURE;
• AMENITY HAS NOT BEEN ACCORDED THE
SAME RECOGNITION THAT HEALTH, SAFETY,
CONVENIENCE & ECONOMY HAVE IN COURTS
• PRESENT SOLUTIONS REST WITH THE LAND
USE PLAN REINFORCED BY EFFECTUATION
CONTROLS, BOTH REGULATORY MEASURES
SUCH AS ZONING, SUBDIVISION CONTROL, &
THE OFFICIAL MAP, & DEVELOPMENT
MEASURES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN PUBLIC
WORKS PROGRAMS & URBAN RENEWAL
PROGRAMS
• AT THE SAME TIME AMENITY MUST BE
BALANCED WITH THE FOUR ELEMENTS OF
PUBLIC
INTEREST;( health,safety,convenience,econom
y)
• THUS THE INTRODUCTION OF OPEN SPACE
INTO A CITY TO GIVE IT GREATER VARIETY IN
VISUAL APPEARANCE & TO INTRODUCE
PLEASANT GREEN AREAS FOR RELAXATION &
LEISURE TIME USE ALSO INVOLVE
CONSIDERATIONS OF CONVENIENCE &
ECONOMY
• KEVIN LYNCH HAS OBSERVED THAT
INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTUAL SATISFACTION
AFFECTS THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT;
• DIMENSIONS OF THE URBAN AREA THAT CAN
BE OBSERVED:
• SIZE, DENSITY,GRAIN, OUTLINE OR SHAPE,
THE INTERNAL PATTERN OF CITIES
• AFFECT THE PLEASANTNESS OF CITY LIVING
 ELEMENTS OF AESTHETICS
• --THE PLACEMENT OF KEY FUNCTIONAL
AREAS & BUILDINGS;
• --THE LOCATION OF CIRCULATION ROUTES;
• --THE SITING OF RESIDENTIAL & OTHER AREAS
IN RELATION TO EACH OTHER FEATURE &
HOW THEY RELATE TO THE SUN, PREVAILING
WINDS & EXISTING VISTAS
• PARTS IN A VISUAL SURVEY:
• -- ONE WHICH IDENTIFIES THREE
DIMENSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
CITY’S SITE & THE MANMADE FEATURES
WHICH HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THE SITE; &
• -- THE SECOND SHOWS SIGNIFICANT PATHS &
VANTAGE POINTS FROM WHICH THE CITY CAN
BE VISUALLY PERCEIVED
 BASIC GROUND FORMS
1. LEVEL OR GENTLY SLOPING /ROLLING SITES;
2. SLOPING SITES BACKED BY HILLS OR STEEPER
SLOPES;
3. VALLEY OR GORGE SITES;
4. AMPHITHEATRICAL OR FAN SHAPED SITES;
5. BOWL SHAPED SITES; &
6. RIDGES OR HILLTOP SITES
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF FORMS OF MANMADE
FEATURES
1. URBAN TEXTURES;
2. GREEN AREAS;
3. CIRCULATION FACILITIES;
4. PAVED OPEN SPACES; &
5. INDIVIDUALLY SIGNIFICANT ARCHITECTURAL
MASSES
WHICH THEREFORE GIVES ONE FIVE WAYS HOW
THE CITY IS PERCEIVED
 FIVE WAYS HOW THE CITY IS PERCEIVED

1. THE PANORAMA;
2. THE SKYLINE;
3. THE VISTA;
4. THE URBAN OPEN SPACE; &
5. THROUGH THE EXPERIENCE OF THE
INDIVIDUAL IN MOTION
 PANORAMA

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 SKYLINE

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 VISTA

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 URBAN OPEN SPACE

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• JACOBS & JONES HAVE A CONCERN OF THE
STUDY OF SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL VALUES
AS WELL AS AESTHETIC FEATURES & A
POSITIVE EFFORT CAN BE MADE TO
CONSERVE THESE IN PLANS FOR RENEWAL &
GROWTH AREAS:
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL VALUES
AS WELL AS AESTHETIC FEATURES
1. “SENSORY MATERIAL” (COLOR, TEXTURE,
PATTERN, SHAPE, & RHYTHM)
2. “NOTEWORTHY FORMS” (BOTH OF AN
ISOLATED KIND & AS AN INTERRELATED
SERIES OF FORMS)
3. “ EXPRESSIONS ” (OF HISTORIC OR
SYMBOLICAL SIGNIFICANCE)
 PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT IN PRIVATE
LANDSCAPES
• DESIGN FEATURES SHOULD ENCOURAGE
SPECIFIC TYPES OF BEHAVIOR IN THE USERS
OF THE PROJECTS
1ST: PREDICTABLE RELATIONSHIPS EXIST
BETWEEN FEATURES OF A HABITAT & HUMAN
BEHAVIOR; &
2ND: WHEN A LANDSCAPE BEHAVIOR
RELATIONSHIP HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED &
MEASURED, THE KNOWLEDGE CAN BE
INCORPORATED IN FUTURE DESIGNS
STEPS:
1ST: MEASURING THE BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE
AS THEY USE A COMPLETED PROJECT;
2ND: ASSESSING THOSE FEATURES OF A
PROJECT THAT RESPONSIBLE FOR
INFLUENCING BEHAVIOR; &
3RD: APPLYING SUCH ASSESSMENTS TO THE
DESIGN OF FUTURE PROJECTS
• BEHAVIOR HAS BECOME THE KEY ELEMENT IN
DESIGN
• RECREATIONAL WALKERS, LIKE TOURISTS,
HAVE ALL THE TIME IN THE WORLD
• BUSINESS WALKERS & COMMUTERS CANNOT
AFFORD TO BE LATE

134
PEDESTRIAN RULES OF THE ROAD
• STEP & SLIDE IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE
ACCOMMODATION BEHAVIORS USED BY
PEDESTRIANS TO YIELD RIGHTS-OF-WAY TO
PEOPLE COMING THEIR WAY;

• PEDESTRIANS TAKE GREAT PAINS TO AVOID

COLLISIONS, STEP OFF THE WALK & ONTO
PLANTED AREAS TO AVOID BODILY CONTACT
• HEAD OVER THE SHOULDER HAS A PEDESTRIAN
WALKINGBEHIND A PERSON LESS THAN 5FT AWAY &
STRIVES TO MAINTAIN A “ HEAD OVER THE
SHOULDER” RELATIONSHIP WITH THE PERSON IN
FRONT;
• FACILITATES VIEWING WHAT LIES AHEAD;
• NARROW PATHWAYS CREATE TENSION &
DISCOMFORTS THE PEDESTRIAN WHO HAS TO
CRANE HIS NECK TO SEE WHAT LIES AHED & MUST
BE EVER WATCHFUL OF THE FEET OF THE PERSON
AHEAD
• SPREAD EFFECT HAVE PEOPLE WALKING ON
THE SIDEWALK DISTRIBUTE THEMSELVES TO
THE FULLEST WIDTH THAT THE NATURAL
BOUNDARIES WILL ALLOW IF THERE IS NOT
APPRECIABLE FLOW OF TRAFFIC IN THE
OPPOSITE DIRECTION
• DETOURING HAVE PEDESTRIANS INCLINED TO
RETURN TO THEIR ORIGINAL LINE OF WALK
(THE SAME CORRESPONDING POSITION ON
THE SIDEWALK) AFTER BEING DIVERTED BY
ONCOMING PEOPLE;
• EVERY PEDESTRIAN SEEMS TO HAVE A
POSITION ON A SIDEWALK RELATIVE TO THE
POSITIONS OF OTHER PEDESTRIANS &
PHYSICAL OBJECTS
• PERCEPTUAL OBJECTS HAVE PEDESTRIANS
REACT TO NOTICEABLY DISTINCT PARTS OF
THE PAVEMENT (SUCH AS GRATINGS) AS
OBSTRUCTIONS TO BE AVOIDED;
• IF BLOCKS ON STORE WINDOWS WERE
BRIGHTLY COLORED OR GIVEN DISTINCTIVE
DESIGNS, THEY COULD BE USED AS VIEWING
AREAS TO BE FREQUENTED BY WINDOW
SHOPPERS BUT AVOIDED BY PEDESTRIANS
PRINCIPLES BY WHICH PEDESTRIANS APPEAR TO
REGULATE THEIR WALKING BEHAVIOR
1. THEY TEND TO FOLLOW THE “SHORTEST DISTANCE
BETWEEN TWO POINTS” PRINCIPLE
2. AVOID SHARP & RAPID CHANGES IN THE DIRECTION
OF THE MOVEMENT
3. CHOOSE EASY OVER DIFFICULT ROUTES
4. AVOID STAIRS, RAMPS, OVERPASSES, &
UNDERPASSES WHENEVER POSSIBLE
PREFERS ROUTES WITH SOME INTERESTING
STIMULATION &
5. KEEP FROM 12 TO 18 INCHES CLEAR OF BUILDINGS &
WALLS
 PLANNING STEPS BY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

1. DETERMINE WHAT VOLUME OF TRAFFIC

OCCURS IN THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT &
THE VOLUME ANTICIPATED IN THE PROPOSED
ENVIRONMENT;
A. THE OLD ENVIRONMENT: AN ESTABLISHED
ENVIRONMENT WILL REVEAL THE ACTUAL
NUMBERS OF PEDESTRIANS WHO TRAVEL
BETWEEN ANY TWO POINTS THROUGH
SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATIONS
B. THE NEW ENVIRONMENT: THE PROBLEM OF
PREDICTING VOLUME & DIRECTION OF
PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC FLOW IN A NEW
ENVIRONMENT IS VERY DIFFICULT;
• AN ENVIRONMENT CAN BE PLANNED WITH
SUFFICIENT FLEXIBILITY TO ALLOW FOR
ADDITION OF WALKWAYS TO THE BASIC
WALKWAY PLAN AFTER TRAFFIC FLOWS HAVE
BEEN ESTABLISHED

142
• 3. DETERMINE THE PROPORTIONS OF THE
BASIC CLASSES OF PEDESTRIANS (BUSINESS
OR RECREATIONAL) THAT WILL BE USING THE
WALKWAYS
• 4.
A. FOR THE ENVIRONMENT WITH A HIGH
PROPORTION OF BUSINESS WALKERS,
WALKWAYS SHOULD REPRESENT THE
SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS,
THUS ELIMINATING THE PEDESTRIAN ’ S
TENDENCY TO DEVELOP A SHORTCUT
143
• B. CONVERSELY, THE ENVIRONMENT WITH A
HIGH PROPORTION OF RECREATIONAL,
SIGHTSEEING WALKERS CAN TOLERATE
WALKWAYS THAT MEANDER, THAT CONTAIN
SIDE PATHS & THAT ARE ADORNED WITH
VISUAL STIMULI & OTHER DIVERSIONS
PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN IN THE
ORDER OF RELATIVE IMPORTANCE
• 1. SHOULDER OF GRAVEL, BARK OR OTHER
COMPARABLE MATERIAL MAY BE PLACED ON
EITHER SIDE OF PAVED PEDESTRIAN WALKS
TO CREATE A BUFFER ZONE BETWEEN ERRANT
PEDESTRIANS & FRAIL PLANTS. THESE
SHOULDERS APPR. 12 INCHES IN WIDTH WILL
SERVE AS ESCAPE RAMPS FOR COLLISION-
AVOIDING PEDESTRIANS OR FOR THE RARE
OCCASSIONS WHEN THE PAVED AREAS ARE
SWOLLEN WITH UNUSUALLY HIGH LEVELS OF
PEDESTRIANS
• 2. INTERESTING PATHS WHERE PEDESTRIANS
MAY CHANGE DIRECTIONS SHOULD HAVE
WELL-ROUNDED CORNER CUT-OFFS INSTEAD
OF RIGHT ANGLE JUNCTIONS SO THAT PLANT
MATERIALS WILL NOT SUFFER FROM THE
PEDESTRIAN ’ S INCLINATION TO MAKING
ARCING TURNS
• 3. THE STRAIGHT LINE PRINCIPLE SHOULD BE
MODIFIED SOMEWHAT TO CREATE A
CURVILINEAR EFFECT IN RESPONSE TO THE
PEDESTRIAN’S AVERSION TO ANGULAR OR
SUDDEN CHANGES IN A RIGHT OF WAY. THIS
MODERATE CURVING SHOULD BE
ACCOMPANIED BY MODERATE GRADE
CHANGES;
• TO HELP REDUCE THE BOTTLENECKS THAT
OCCUR WHEN PEDESTRIANS CLUSTER ON
WALKWAYS TO CONVERSE, DESIGNATED REST
AREAS MAY BE INCLUDED;
• THESE CAN BE DISTINGUISHED BY PROVIDING
PAVEMENT WITH CONTRASTING COLORS OR
DESIGNS ADJACENT TO THE CENTRAL
WALKWAY
• 4. PLANTERS & OTHER PHYSICAL OBJECTS
SHOULD NOT BE PLACED IN THE CENTER OF
WALKWAYS; DOING SO WILL CREATE SPLIT
STREAMS OF TRAFFIC THAT WILL CONSUME
EXCESS SPACE BECAUSE PEDESTRIANS WILL
NOT BE ABLE TO RETURN TO THEIR ORIGINAL
TRAJECTORIES UNTIL A CONSIDERABLE
DISTANCE PAST THE OBJECT
5. FINALLY, LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS & OTHER
ENVIRONMENT PLANNERS SHOULD BECOME
“PEOPLE WATCHERS”;
• LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO
EXTRACT OTHER RULES OF PEDESTRIAN
BEHAVIOR TO THE REGIONS IN WHICH THEY
WORK
• BY BEING SENSITIVE TO THE NEEDS & HABITS
OF PEDESTRIANS, LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS,
ACTING AS ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNERS, CAN
HELP DESIGN PLACES THAT ATTRACT &
MAINTAIN HUMAN OCCUPANTS IN
COOPERATIVE & COMMUNICATIVE RATHER
THAN COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIPS
STRATEGIES IN MINIMIZING THE IMPACTS
OF MATERIALS
• REUSE EXISTING STRUCTURES
• REDUCE MATERIALS USE
• USE MATERIALS CREATED FROM RENEWABLE
SOURCES
• REUSE BUILDING COMPONENTS
• USE RECYCLABLE & RECYCLED CONTENT
MATERIAL
• USE LOCALLY PRODUCED MATERIALS
 4Ds OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE
OVERALL GOAL OF GREEN BUILDING DESIGN:

• A BUILT STRUCTURE IS BRIGHT;

• EASY TO COOL;
• ENERGY & RESOURCE EFFICIENT; &
• FUNCTIONAL & HEALTHY
 4D’s OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE
1. DESIGN PHASE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT
STEP
• CONSIDERS MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION
METHODS, OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT, QUALITY OF LIFE, EFFICIENCY &
COSTS
• INCLUDES SITE SELECTION & HOW THE
BUILDING CONFORMS TO THE FEATURES OF
THE SITE
• BUILDING ENVELOPE ( WALLS, WINDOWS,
ROOF)
• SKINS:
REAL HUMAN SKIN
CLOTHES
BUILDING ENVELOPE
2. DEVELOPMENT OR CONSTRUCTION PHASE IS
A CRUCIAL PROCESS
• EXISTING TREES & VEGETATION SHOULD BE
PROTECTED & BETTER TO USE INDIGENOUS
MATERIALS OR NATIVE LANDSCAPING;
• REDUCE, REUSE, OR RECYCLE CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS COULD MEAN SUBSTANTIAL
SAVINGS
3. DURATION OR LIFESPAN OF THE BUILDING
AFFECTS THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE
BUILDING OCCUPANTS WHETHER WITH
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE EFFECTS

• CONCERNS: HEALTH, ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION

& LIGHTING, USE OF WATER, LONGEVITY OF
BUILDING MATERIALS, MAINTENANCE,
AVAILABILITY, KIND, TOXICITY, ETC.
4. DEMOLITION IS THE STAGE THAT RECEIVES
THE LEAST ATTENTION FROM ALL MEMBERS
OF THE INDUSTRY
• THE TREND IS TO DESIGN BUILDING
PRODUCTS THAT PRODUCE LESS WASTE WITH
A HIGH VALUE FOR REUSE & RECYCLING WITH
EASE IN DISASSEMBLY & DECONSTRUCTION;
• FLEXIBILITY TO ACCOMMODATE CHANGES