Bandpass Modulation

Prachi Raut
BPSK Modulation and Reception
For b(t) = 1 Volt

V (t )  2 Ps cos( t )
BPSK 0

For b(t) = -1 Volt

V (t )  2 Ps cos( t   )
BPSK 0

OR
V (t )   2 Ps cos( t )
BPSK 0
In general,

V (t )  b(t ) 2 Ps cos( t )
BPSK 0
 Received Signal :

V (t )  b(t ) 2 Ps cos( t   )
BPSK 0

Signal after squaring:

1 1
cos ( t   )   cos 2( t   )
2

2 2
0 0

Signal after filtering:

cos 2( t   )
0

Signal after frequency division:

cos( t   )
0

Generation of carrier wave

 Output of Synchronous Demodulator :

1 1 
b(t ) 2 Ps cos ( t   )  b(t ) 2 Ps   cos( t   )
2

2 2 
0 0

Ps Ps
 b(t )  b(t ) cos 2( t   )
2 2
0

Output of Integrator and Dump Circuit :

Ps
b(t )
2

Reception of BPSK signal

Constellation Diagram
BPSK Constellation Diagram
Q

-PsTb PsTb I

9
Spectrum of BPSK signal
Differential Phase Shift Keying
(DPSK)
DPSK Waveform
b(t )  d (t )  b(t  T ) b

When d(t) = 1

b(t )  b(t  T )
b

When d(t) = 0

b(t )  b(t  T )
b

V DPSK
(t )  b(t ) 2 Ps cos( t ) 0
DPSK Demodulation
Output contains a term

b(t )b(t  T ) b

When

d(t)=0 b(t)= b(t-Tb) Output = 1V

d(t) = 1 b(t)=- b(t-Tb) Output = -1 V

DPSK Demodulation
Differentially Encoded Phase Shift
Keying (DEPSK)
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK)
QPSK Waveforms
Offset QPSK is also called as Staggered
QPSK

In OQPSK, one bit changes state at a time

In QPSK, both bits change state at a time

Amplitude changes are more pronounced

in QPSK than OQPSK

Offset Vs Non-Offset QPSK

QPSK RECEIVER
In QPSK, abrupt phase changes occur due
to which spectral components at high
frequencies may arise
Sharp transitions between 1 and 0 states
and vice versa create signals that have
sidebands extending out a long way from
the carrier.
This creates problems for communication
systems, as any sidebands outside the
allowed bandwidth cause interference to
adjacent channels.

Problem………??
Phase transitions can be made zero, if 
rectangular pulse shapes used in QPSK are
replaced by sinusoidal pulse shapes.
This is known as Minimum Shift Keying
(MSK) 
MSK has a baseband waveform which is
much smoother than QPSK baseband
waveform
Waveform of MSK has phase continuity

The Solution !!!

   t    t 
V (t )  2 Ps be(t ) sin 2   cos  t  2 Ps b (t ) cos 2   sin  t
  4Tb    4Tb 
MSK 0 o 0
MSK Transmitter
MSK Receiver
Another way of generating continuous
phase signal is filtering
If a Gaussian filter is used, the modulation
technique is called GMSK

Gaussian MSK (GMSK)

M-ary PSK Modulator
M-ary PSK Demodulator
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
When d(t)=1

V (t )  2 Ps cos( )t
BFSK 0

When d(t) = 0

V (t )  2 Ps cos( )t
BFSK 0

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

FSK Demodulator
Spectrum of BFSK signal
 2
u (t )  cos 2mf t
T
1 b

2
u (t )  cos 2nf t
T
2 b

u1 and u2 are mth and nth harmonic of fb respectively

Constellation Diagram for FSK

Orthogonal FSK Non-orthogonal FSK
M-ary FSK
Spectrum of M-ary FSK
In BPSK,QPSK and M-ary PSK all signals
have same amplitude
Noise immunity can be improved by
making symbols of different phase as well
as different amplitude
This type of modulation is called QASK or
QAM.

Quadrature Amplitude Shift

Keying (QASK) or
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)
16 QASK constellation Diagram
v
QASK
(t )  k 0.2 Ps cos  t  k
1 0 2
0.2 Ps sin  t
0

Where k1 and k2 are each equal to + 1 or +3

QASK Modulator
QASK Demodulator
Herert Taub, Donald L. Schilling,
Gautam Saha “Taub’s Principles of
Communication Systems” , Third
Edition, Tata McGraw Hill
Bernard Skalar, “ Digital
Communications”, Pearson Education,
2001, 2nd edition

References