Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRONUNCIATION
Pronunciation is a complex area, with a lot of sub skills that can be
practiced. The basic rule of thumb is that an average speaker can
speak and be understood. A skilled speaker can use the sub skills of
pronunciation to emphasise and make the communicative effect of
their speech more impactful. The sub skills of pronunciation include:
word and sentence stress, intonation, rhythm and the use of the
individual sounds of a language. A good way to practice your
pronunciation is to copy! Simply listen to how someone with good
pronunciation speaks, and try to imitate them as closely as possible.
Importance Of Speaking Skills
Ability to convey your information in a proper way.
Encouraging people to communicate with each other.
Ability to inform, persuade, and direct.
Barriers of Speaking
Physical barriers
Communication is generally easier over short distances as more channels are available and
the technology that is used is to the minimum. Although modern technology serves to
reduce the impact of physical barrier, the pros and cons should be understood to use the
appropriate medium to overcome physical barriers.
Perceptual barriers
Different people perceive the same things differently. This is a fact which we must consider
during the communication process. Knowledge of the perception levels of the audience is
crucial to effective communication. All the messages or communique must be easy and
clear. There shouldn’t be any room for a diversified interpretational set.
Emotional barriers
Some people find it difficult to express themselves. They are complete introverts and take
their own time to come out of the shell. This acts as the biggest hurdle as breaking the ice at
the preliminary stage is of immense importance.
Contd…
Cultural barriers
Different cultures greatly vary in the norms of social interaction, as the way in which
emotions are expressed differ greatly.
Language barriers
Communication occurs across the globe. Different countries have different accents and
different languages. This language difference can lead to difficulty in understanding
unfamiliar accents that acts as a barrier.
Gender barriers
Even in a workplace where women and men share equal stature, knowledge and
experience, differing communication styles may prevent them from working together
effectively. Gender barriers can be inherent or may be related to gender stereotypes and the
ways in which men and women are taught to behave as children.
Interpersonal barriers
Interpersonal barriers occur due to the inappropriate transaction of words between two or
more people. If there are two people involved in communication, the traits that distinguish
them as individuals can be the root cause of a communication problem.
Effective Speaking Skills
Think before you speak.
Know your message.
Know something about the audience.
Get to the easier points. Then, it is easier for the listener
to remember what you said.
Use easy language and use simple words.
Give importance to the subject and Voice should be clear
and sweet.
Illustrate with examples.
Stick to the time schedule.
Have the facts and respond well to questions.
Three E’s of Speaking
Entertainingly
Effectively
Enthusiastically
Listening Skills
Listening skills
LISTENING SKILLS
Listening skills are ways to help you listen to do
something more effectively.
Listening is half of oral communication
All effective leaders and managers realize the importance
of acquiring good listening skills
Consequences of not listening carefully could be
disastrous.
What is Listening?
The word listen refers to making as effort to hear
something or pay attention to someone speaking or to
some specific sound.
The Listening Process
• Physically hear message and take note
1.Receiving • Affected by external factors i.e noise
Hearing Listening
Hearing is merely the Listening is more of
ability of ear to sense conscious effort to interpret
the sounds, requiring
sounds around one. concentration of mind.
Non-selective and Listening is voluntary , It
involuntary process for takes intention and
anyone that CAN hear. attention.
Easy, physical and passive Active mental process;
attempt to make meaning of
process. what we hear.
Hearing is when the Listening is when it reaches
sound reaches your ears. your brain.
Barriers to Listening…
Pre-judgment.
Speed of delivery.
Clarity of Voice.
Accent and dialect.
No pauses and rewind.
Poor quality audio materials.
Unfamiliar topic/ Meaningless context.
Barriers To Effective Listening
Environmental Barriers.
Linguistic Barriers.
Psychological Barriers.
Physiological Barriers.
Perceptual Barriers.
Content Barrier.
Personal Barriers.
Environmental Barriers
The following, if encountered, can make us switch off from what is being said,
to allow our minds to temporarily concentrate on our surroundings:
Linguistic Barriers
Linguistic barriers derive from the speaker and make it difficult for them to be
listened to. They can be summarized as follows :
Psychological Barriers
Emotional states which are brought to the communication or result from it
can come between what is being said and effective listening and understanding, for
example :
Physiological Barriers
The physical condition of the listener can affect concentration and restrict the
amount of information taken in, for example :
Perceptual Barriers
The speaker and the listener sometimes see the same situation from a different point of
view and this can affect understanding (e.g. parent and child). Examples of other
perceptual barriers are:
Content Barrier
What the speaker is saying may also be a barrier to the listener:
Subject of the discussion does not interest us
Speaker goes on for too long
Speaker is saying what we don't want to hear
We have heard it all before
Content is too difficult/simplistic
Content is repetitious
Personal Barriers
The listener may put up personal barriers:
Techniques for Effective
Listening
Prepare to listen.
Avoid pre-judgments.
Be open-minded.
Establish eye contact.
Don’t interrupt.
Judge content, not delivery.
Extract key points.
Give feedback.
Block out distractions.
Oral communication
MEANING
Oral communication implies communication through
mouth.
It includes individuals conversing with each other, be it
direct conversation or telephonic conversation.
Speeches, presentations, discussions are all forms of oral
communication.
Oral communication is generally recommended when the
communication matter is of temporary kind or where a
direct interaction is required.
Face to face communication (meetings, lectures,
conferences, interviews, etc.) is significant so as to build a
rapport and trust.
Advantages of Oral Communication
There is high level of understanding and transparency in
oral communication as it is interpersonal.
There is no element of rigidity in oral communication.
There is flexibility for allowing changes in the decisions
previously taken.
The feedback is spontaneous in case of oral
communication.
Thus, decisions can be made quickly without any delay.
Oral communication is not only time saving, but it also
saves upon money and efforts.
Contd…
Oral communication is best in case of problem resolution.
The conflicts, disputes and many issues/differences can be
put to an end by talking them over.
Oral communication is an essential for teamwork and
group energy.
Oral communication promotes a receptive and
encouraging morale among organizational employees.
Oral communication can be best used to transfer private
and confidential information/matter.
Advantages of Oral Communication
Channel Advantages
Oral face-to-face • Personal nature
• Use of body language
• Problem solving
Oral non face-to-face - Teleconferencing •Overcomes distance factor
1. Define purpose
General purpose
– inform, analyze, persuade
Specific purpose
– “whom, what, when, where, how?”
3. Audience analysis
Designations and areas of expertise
Preferred styles of presentation
Demographic factors
Audience size
Familiarity with topic
Attitude towards speaker and topic
Steps in making Oral Presentations
4. Self analysis
- knowledge level
- conviction level
5. Analysis of constraints
- infrastructure
- time
- context
Steps in making Oral Presentations
6. Presentation outline
Introduction – grabbing attention
Body – main points
Conclusion – summary
7. Information collection
- secondary sources
- primary sources
Steps in making Oral Presentations
8. Organization of Body
- main points
- organizational plan
9. Development of Introduction
- attention getting techniques
10. Planning of Conclusion
- length of conclusion
- reinforcement and summary
- memorable closing
Steps in making Oral Presentations
1. Avoid clutter
2. Limit number of slides
3. Plan time on each slide
4. Watch font size, number of words and lines
5. Pay attention to overall appearance
6. Ensure consistency
7. Keep text to a minimum
8. Add value to PPT
Guidelines for Using Visual
Aids
1. Value addition
2. Appropriate level of sophistication
3. Clarity
4. Simplicity
5. Minimum text
6. Numbering and captions
7. Synchronization with presentation
8. Testing in advance
9. Rehearsal
Disadvantages/Limitations of Oral
Communication
Relying only on oral communication may not be sufficient
as business communication is formal and very organized.
Oral communication is less authentic than written
communication as they are informal and not as organized
as written communication.
Oral communication is time-saving as far as daily
interactions are concerned, but in case of meetings, long
speeches consume lot of time and are unproductive at
times.
Oral communications are not easy to maintain and thus
they are unsteady.
Contd…
There may be misunderstandings as the information is not
complete and may lack essentials.
It requires attentiveness and great receptivity on part of
the receivers/audience.
Oral communication (such as speeches) is not frequently
used as legal records except in investigation work.
Oral Communication
Oral Communication includes-
Face to Face Conversation.
Telephonic Conversation
Lectures
Speech
Group discussion
Social gatherings
Interview
Conference & Meeting
Oral communication in the workplace
Private discussion
Conversation over lunch
Gossip in the lift
Telephone conversation
Chance meeting in the corridor
Informal gathering of staff
Instructing subordinates
Dealing with clients
Formal meetings
Interviews
Training sessions
Giving a presentation
Conferences/seminars
Non- verbal communication
Facial
Posture Gestures
expressions
Most people use the telephone several times a day; calls are
usually straight forward and require little planning
However, using the telephone for business purposes is very
different
The person on the telephone represents the company
Important to use tone of voice, inflections and attitude
carefully to show professionalism, your readiness to listen
carefully, and your ability to communicate clearly
Making effective telephone calls
Before calling
Choose the right time to call
Check the number
Plan your call
Be prepared
Avoid interruptions
Making effective telephone calls
Voice mail
Allows one to send, store and retrieve verbal messages. Often used in
business to replace brief inter-office notes or emails and messages that need
no response
Recording your voice mail greeting
Keep it brief – no longer than 20-30 seconds
State action clearly
Be professional – businesslike voice
Leaving a voice mail message
Effective voice mail message: keep it brief, speak precisely and
clearly