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 2

RF Operational Parameters
 3

Agenda

 Cell selection/reselection planning

 LAC/TAC
 Direct Retry
 Handover planning
 Power control planning
 Directed RRC
 4

Cell selection/reselection planning

PLMN Selection In “IDEL Mode” For LTE-UE 5
 6

PLMN Selection In “IDEL Mode” For LTE-UE

• When an UE is switched on, it attempts to make contact with a PLMN. The selection of the PLMN could be
either automatically or manually.

• Automatic mode: Utilizes a list of PLMN to be selected in priority order.

• Manual mode: The mobile station indicates available PLMN to the user. Upon the user selection the UE
fetches service from the new PLMN.

• Normally the UE operates on its home PLMN. At home PLMN, the MCC (Mobile Country Code) and MNC
(Mobile Network Code) of the PLMN identity match the MCC and MNC of the IMSI (International Mobile
Subscriber Identity) stored on the USIM (UMTS Subscriber Identity Module).

• If the UE loses its present PLMN coverage, a new available PLMN is selected
automatically or manually. If necessary, the UE will do “reselection” by searching a suitable cell on a different
PLMN.
How UE Switch To Service Types In LTE? 7
 How UE Switch To Service Types In LTE? 8

The action of camping on provides access to services. The network provides different levels of service to a UE in
either Idle mode or Connected mode. Three levels of services are defined:

LIMITED SERVICE: emergency calls on an acceptable cell.

Acceptable cell: UE may camp to obtain limited service like emergency call. The minimum set of requirements for
initiating an emergency call in a UTRAN network are:

• The cell is not barred.

• The cell selection criteria are fulfilled.
 9

How UE Switch To Service Types In LTE?

NORMAL SERVICE: for public use on a suitable cell.

Suitable cell: UE may camp on to obtain normal service. Such a cell shall fulfill all the following requirements:

• The cell is part of the selected / registered / equivalent PLMN

• The cell is not barred
• The cell is not part of a forbidden registration area
• The cell selection criteria are fulfilled
• In case of a CSG cell it is part of the white list
 10

How UE Switch To Service Types In LTE?

OPERATOR SERVICE: FOR OPERATORS ONLY ON A RESERVED CELL.

Reserved cell: When the cell status “reserved for operator use” is indicated and the Access Class of
the UE is 11 or 15 the UE may select/re-select this cell if in Home PLMN. Set by O&M parameter.

Barred cell:

When cell status “barred” is indicated the UE is not permitted to select/re-select this cell, not even
for limited services. This information is set by office data.
 Cell Selection And Reselection
11

To get service from the selected PLMN, the UE performs two types of procedures cell selection and cell reselection

Optional:
System information /
measurement control:
-PLMN identity
-Cell information

Initial Selection
- Carrier 1: strongest cell
Carrier 2: strongest cell
Carrier i ….
Stored Information Selection
- Previous information
- Previous detections
 12

Cell Reselection

 When camped on a cell, the UE shall regularly search for a better cell according to the cell reselection criteria. If a
better cell is found, that cell is selected. The change of cell may imply a change of RAT.

 After camping on, UE monitors the system information to get the quality threshold and performs measurements
for the cell reselection evaluation procedure. The UE evaluates whether or not a better cell exists.

 The E-UTRAN controls the quality measurements for cells to be reselected. The UE measurements are triggered
according to the serving cell quality level and the threshold indicated in the system information. The
measurement must satisfy different requirements for intra frequency, inter frequency or inter RAT (Radio Access
Technology) quality estimations.
Cell Selection and Reselection
13
 14

Measurement Rules for cell re-selection

When evaluating Srxlev and Squal of non-serving cells for reselection purposes, the UE shall use parameters
provided by the serving cell.
Following rules are used by the UE to limit needed measurements:
 If the serving cell fulfills Srxlev > SIntraSearchP and Squal > SIntraSearchQ, the UE may choose not to perform
intrafrequency measurements.

 Otherwise, the UE shall perform intra-frequency measurements.

 For an E-UTRAN inter-frequency or inter-RAT frequency with a reselection priority higher than the reselection
priority of the current E-UTRA frequency the UE shall perform measurements of higher priority E-UTRAN inter-
frequency or inter-RAT frequencies
 For an E-UTRAN inter-frequency with an equal or lower reselection priority than the reselection priority of the
current E-UTRA frequency and for inter-RAT frequency with lower reselection priority than the reselection
priority of the current E-UTRAN frequency:
- The serving cell fulfills Srxlev > SnonIntraSearchP and Squal > SnonIntraSearchQ,
the UE may choose not to perform measurements of E-UTRAN inter-frequencies
or inter-RAT frequency cells of equal or lower priority.
- Otherwise, the UE shall perform measurements of E-UTRAN inter-frequencies or
inter-RAT frequency cells of equal or lower priority
 15

LTE MEASUREMENT CRITERIA Cell Re-Selection

R-CRITERION

The cell reselection evaluation process depends on whether Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS) is used or not.

In order to perform cell reselection UE measures and ranks the neighbor cells.

For each type of neighbor cells (Intra-Frequency; Inter-Frequency; Inter-RAT, i.e. GSM) thresholds are definable.
Measurements of neighbor cells will be triggered if these thresholds are reached.

HIGH MOBILITY / MEDIUM MOBILITY / NORMAL MOBILITY:

For faster moving UEs the procedure alters - speed dependent scaling rules are applied.

If the number of (different cells) cell reselections during the past time period TCRmax exceeds NCR_H, high mobility has
been detected. If the number exceeds NCR_M, and not NCR_H, medium mobility has been detected.
 LTE Measurement Criteria - Cell Re-Selection
16

R-CRITERION

In high/medium-mobility states, a UE:

• multiplies Qhyst by "Speed dependent ScalingFactor for Qhyst for high/medium mobility state" if sent.

• multiplies TreselectionRAT by "Speed dependent ScalingFactor for TreselectionRAT for * mobility state for
RAT cells. (RAT = EUTRAN, UTRAN, GERAN).
 17
17

LTE Measurement Criteria Cell Re-Selection

Neighbor Cell Measurement
For inter-frequency and inter-system
measurements, depending on the UE capability,
the network allocates measurement gaps during
which no data are sent for the UE, so that the UE
could perform the necessary measurements
using a single receiver.

During the measurement gaps, the particular UE

cannot be scheduled for data transmission, but
the vacant resources could still be used for other
UEs, because of the shared channel mechanism.

FOR INTRA-FREQUENCY AND EQUAL PRIORITY INTER-FREQUENCY CELLS:

(Re-) Selected cell is a suitable cell (e.g. fulfills the S criterion) and is the best ranked cell (has the highest R).

The UE shall however reselect the new cell, only if the following conditions are met:
• The new cell is better ranked than the serving cell during a time interval Treselections
• more than 1 second has elapsed since the UE has camped on the current serving cell.
The cell-ranking criterion R is defined as shown below:
Note,
s – indicates the serving cell,
n – indicates the candidate cell.
 18
18

LTE Measurement Criteria Cell Re-Selection

Neighbor Cell Measurement
Inter-RAT Cell Reselection
 20

WCDMA to LTE cell Reselection

LTE priority> 3G priority UE always search for LTE in this case

𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑃𝑙𝑡𝑒 > 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑥,ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ + 𝑄𝑟𝑥𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛𝐸𝑈𝑇𝑅𝐴

 21

LTE to WCDMA cell Reselection

LTE priority> 3G priority UE always search for LTE in this case
LTE Intra frequency Cell
Reselection
 23

Intra frequency LTE cell reselection

LTE Inter frequency cell
reselection
 25

Inter frequency LTE cell reselection

Cell reselection to high priority layer UE always keep searching for high priority layer
 26

Inter frequency LTE cell reselection

Cell reselection to lower priority layer
 Inter frequency LTE cell reselection
27

Cell reselection to equal priority layer In this case, cell reselection is similar to the intra cell
reselection
LAC/TAC
 29

LAC/TAC

The Tracking Area IDs

Each tracking area has two main identities. The tracking area code (TAC) identifies a tracking area within a
particular network and if we combining this with the PLMN-ID then we arrive at a Globally Unique
Tracking Area Identity (TAI).
 30

LAC/TAC Mapping
 31

Handover Planning
 HO events
32

Intra RAT
 Event A1 -> Serving cell becomes better than threshold
 Event A2 -> Serving cells becomes worse than threshold
 Event A3 -> Neighbour becomes offset better than serving
 Event A4 -> Neighbour becomes better than threshold
 Event A5 -> Serving becomes worse than threshold 1 & neighbour becomes better than threshold 2
Inter RAT
 Event B1 -> Inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold
 Event B2 -> serving becomes worse than threshold 1 and neighbour becomes better than threshold 2
 HANDOVER
33

HANDOVER EVENTS A1
 HANDOVER
34

HANDOVER EVENTS A2
 HANDOVER
35

HANDOVER EVENTS A3
 HANDOVER
36

HANDOVER EVENTS A4
 HANDOVER
37

HANDOVER EVENTS A5
 HANDOVER
38

HANDOVER EVENTS B1
 HANDOVER
39

HANDOVER EVENTS B2
 HANDOVER
40

Speed dependent scaling of measurement parameters

 41
X2 Based Inter eNodeB Handover

s-eNB T-eNB

Handover Request
Handover Request Ack

RRC Connection Reconfiguration

SN status Transfer

RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete

Path Switch Request

Update User Plane Request

Switch DL Data Path

Update User Plane Request

Path Switch Request Ack

UE Context Release
 42

Handover Request (Serving to Target eNB)

• eNodeB decides to initiate an X2 handover based on:
• UE reported RRC downlink signal quality measurements
• Uplink signal quality measured at the eNodeB
• eNodeB picks the target cell id for the handover.
• X2 handover is initiated if the If the target cell is served by the
same MME as the current cell
• The message includes UE context information that identifies the
UE on the S1AP interface.
• Security parameters are also included in the message
• Information about the radio bearers is included in the message.
The per RAB information includes
• QoS parameters
• GTP Tunnel Information
• The message also includes RRC context information
 Handover Request Acknowledge 43

• The target eNodeB receives performs admission control

on receipt of the Handover Request.
• The target eNodeB responds with X2AP Handover
Request Acknowledge.
• Information about the accepted RABs is included in the
message.
• The Uplink and Downlink GTP Tunnel information is
included for each RAB.
• The tunnel assignments are made at the target to
transport traffic during the handover.
• A Handover Command message sent via a transparent
container.
• The source eNodeB send this message to the UE.
 Handover Transfer Status
44

• The source eNodeB now sends the SN Transfer

Status
• The following fields are present for each RAB
• The uplink PDCP sequence number
• Uplink Hyper Frame Number
• The downlink PDCP sequence number
• Downlink Hyper Frame Number
• These fields are needed for continuing
ciphering and integrity protection after the
handover.
 Path Switch Request
45

• The target eNodeB requests switching of the S1-U GTP

tunnel towards the target eNodeB.
• The MME identifies the UE with the “eNB to UE S1AP
ID”
• The message includes the new cell id and the tracking
area id
• Security capabilities of the target eNodeB are also
included.
 HANDOVER 46

HANDOVER INTRA E-UTRAN (X2)

ANR HO

LTE UE can detect intra LTE neighbours without neighbour lists which simplifies network management.

The UE reports other cell IDs to the eNodeB. If the target cell ID is known by eNodeB, it will proceed with the
handover.

If the target is not known by eNodeB and no is X2 enabled, the eNodeB asks UE to decode global cell id of the target
cell.

The eNodeB finds out the target cell’s IP address from O&M, enables an X2 connection to the target cell and
proceeds with the handover
 HANDOVER
47

HANDOVER INTRA MME/SGW (S1)

PREPARATION PHASE
 HANDOVER
48

HANDOVER INTRA MME/SGW (S1)

EXECUTION PHASE
 HANDOVER
49

HANDOVER INTRA MME/SGW (S1)

COMPLETION PHASE
 HANDOVER 50

HANDOVER IRAT TO 2G/3G

 51

Power Control
 •52

Purpose Of Power Control

 Compensate path loss , including shadow fading and multiple path fading

 Reduce interference on the edge cell

 •53

Power Control Features in eNodeB

DL ‘Semi-static’ Power Setting

• eNodeB gives fixed power density per PRB scheduled for transport.
• Total Tx power is max. when all PRBs are scheduled
• No adaptive/dynamic power control
• (O&M parameter) Cell Power Reduction level [0...10] dB attenuation in 0.1 dB steps

DL Power Control on PDCCH

Uplink (UL)
Slow uplink power control

 Combination of open loop PC and closed loop PC

• Open Loop Power Control (OLPC)

• Closed Loop Power Control (CLPC)

 •54

Uplink Power Control

 Adjusts UE Tx to compensate for channel fading.

 Reduces inter cell interference

• Avoids UE from transmitting excessive power.

 Maximizes uplink data rate.

• eNB radio receive power maintained for optimum SINR.

 Prolongs UE’s battery life.

 Power Control update rate: 1kHZ (1ms = TTI = 1 subframe).

Power control does not control the absolute UE Tx power but the Power Spectral Density (PSD), power
per Hz, for a device. The PSDs at the eNodeB from different users have to be close to each other so the
receiver doesn’t work over a large range of powers.
Different data rates mean different Tx bandwidths so the absolute Tx power of the UE will also change.
PC makes that the PSD is constant independently of the Tx bandwidth
 •55

Open-loop & Close-loop power control

LTE uplink power control is a combination of an open-loop and a closed-loop mechanisms.

• Open-loop: the terminal transmit power depends on estimate of the downlink path-loss and channel
configuration. Calculated at the UE based on path loss measurements

• Closed-loop: implying that the network can, in addition, directly control the terminal transmit power by
means of explicit power-control commands transmitted in the downlink
⁻ Based on exchange of feedback data and commands between UE and eNodeB
SW-licensed enhancement (can be switched on and off)

 Open-loop power control is used for:

• PRACH at initial access (Random Access).
• PUSCH and PUCCH as part of UL power control.

 Close-loop power control is used for:

• PUSCH and PUCCH as part of UL power control.
 Procedure For Slow Uplink Power Control
•56

 UE controls the Tx power to keep the transmitted power spectral density (PSD) constant
independent of the allocated transmit bandwidth (#PRBs)

 If no feedback from eNodeB ( in the PDCCH UL PC command) the UE performs open

loop PC based on path loss measurements

 If feedback from eNodeB the UE corrects the PSD when receiving PC commands from
eNodeB ( in the PDCCH UL PC command)
 PC commands (up and down) based on UL quality and signal level measurements

 Applied separately for PUSCH, PUCCH

 Scope of UL PC is UE level ( performed separately for each UE in a cell)

2 SINR measurement
4.Tx Power level adjustment
3 Setting new power offset with the new offset

1.Initial Tx power level

 •57

PRACH Open Loop Power Control

 PRACH Power Control
•58

The purpose of power control for the PRACH is to ensure the random access success
rate while minimizing transmit power
 PRACH Power Control
•59

The PRACH power is calculated using the following formula:

Max allowable UE Pwr Path loss

Target eNB Rx Pwr Power UP each attempt by 2dB

 •60

PUSCH Power Control Overview

 The purposes of power control for the PUSCH are as follows:

• Lower interference to neighboring cells and increasing cell throughput

• Ensure services rates for users on cell edges

The transmit power for the PUSCH is calculated using the following formula

Open Loop (OL) Closed Loop (CL)

PPUSCH (i )  min {PCMAX ,10 log 10 ( M PUSCH (i))  PO_PUSCH ( j )   ( j )  PL   TF (i)  f (i)} dBm 

PH (i )  PCMAX  10 log 10 ( M PUSCH (i ))  PO_PUSCH ( j )    PL   TF (i )  f (i ) dB 

PPUSCH (i) :PUSCH Power in subframe i

PCMAX: max. allowed UE power (23 dBm for class 3)
MPUSCH: number of scheduled RBs (The UE Tx. Power increases proportionally to # of PRBs)
PO_PUSCH(j) = PO_NOMINAL_PUSCH(j) + PO_UE_PUSCH(j)
PL: pathloss [dB] = referenceSignalPower – higher layer filtered RSRP
DTF (i) = 10 log 10 (2MPR Ks – 1) for Ks = 1.25 else 0, MPR = TBS/NRE, NRE : number of RE
Ks defined by deltaMCS-Enabled, UE specific
 PUSCH Power Control Overview
•61

f(i): TPC (Closed Loop adjustment)

Semi- persistant: j=0 / dynamic scheduling: j=1
PO_NOMINAL_PUSCH(0,1): cell specific (SysInfo)
PO_UE_PUSCH(0,1): UE specific (RRC)
a (0,1) = 0.0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0 (partial PL compensation by open loop)
Random access grant: j=2
PO_NOMINAL_PUSCH(2): PO_PRE + DPreamble_Msg3 PO_UE_PUSCH(2) = 0
a (2) = 1.0 (i.e. full PL compensation)

*PH = Power Headroom

 Conventional & Fractional Power Control
•62

• Conventional PC schemes:
• Attempt to maintain a constant SINR at the receiver
• UE increases the Tx power to fully compensate for increases in the path loss
• Fractional PC schemes:
• Allow the received SINR to decrease as the path loss increases.
• UE Tx power increases at a reduced rate as the path loss increases. Increases in path loss are only partially
compensated.
• [+]: Improve air interface efficiency & increase average cell throughputs by reducing Intercell interference
• 3GPP specifies fractional power control for the PUSCH with the option to disable it & revert to conventional based on α

UL UL
SINR SINR Fractional Power Control: α
≠ { 0 ,1}
Conventional Power Control: α=1 UE Tx UE Tx If Path Loss increases by 10
If Path Loss increases by 10 dB the Power Power dB the UE Tx power
UE Tx power increases by 10 dB increases by < 10 dB
 63

UL-PC: Closed loop - PUSCH (example)

Closed loop adjustments:

f(i) = f(i-1) + dPUSCH (i - KPUSCH) i.e. recursive determination
or
f(i) = dPUSCH (i - KPUSCH) i.e. absolute setting
where dPUSCH is the signaled TPC in subframe i-KPUSCH
For FDD: KPUSCH = 4

P (closed loop)

t
 64

UL-PC: Closed Loop – Process Example

 65
Downlink Power Control
Uplink power control parameters has already been discussed in previous chapter. Now we will discuss downlink power
control and parameters

DL ‘Semi-static’ Power Setting

• eNodeB gives fixed power density per PRB scheduled for transport.
• Total Tx power is max. when all PRBs are scheduled
• No adaptive/dynamic power control
• (O&M parameter) Cell Power Reduction level [0...10] dB attenuation in 0.1 dB steps

DL Power Control on PDCCH

• Downlink power control determines the energy per resource element (EPRE). The term resource element energy
denotes the energy prior to CP insertion.
• The term resource element energy also denotes the average energy taken over
all constellation points for the modulation scheme applied.

Uplink power control determines the average power over a SC-FDMA symbol in which the physical channel is
transmitted
 66
Downlink Power Control

 A UE may assume downlink cell-specific RS EPRE is constant across the downlink system bandwidth and constant
across all subframes until different cell-specific RS power information is received
 The downlink reference-signal EPRE can be derived from the downlink reference-signal transmit power given by the
parameter Reference-signal-power provided by higher layers

f
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t

The downlink reference-signal transmit power

 It is defined as the linear average over the power contributions (in [W]) of all resource elements that carry cell-
specific reference signals within the operating system bandwidth.
 The ratio of PDSCH EPRE to cell-specific RS EPRE among PDSCH REs (not applicable to PDSCH REs with zero EPRE) for
each OFDM symbol is denoted by either ρ A or ρ B according to the OFDM symbol index as given by Table on next
slide
 67
Downlink Power Control
The UE may assume that for 16 QAM, 64 QAM, spatial multiplexing with more than one layer or
for PDSCH transmissions associated with the multi-user MIMO transmission scheme,
• ρ A is equal to when the UE receives a PDSCH data
transmission using precoding for transmit diversity with 4 cell-specific antenna ports
• ρ A is equal to otherwise.
where power-offset is 0 dB for all PDSCH transmission schemes except multi-user MIMO and where A P
is a UE specific parameter provided by higher layers.

The cell-specific ratio is given by Table according to cell-specific parameter

PB signalled by higher layers and the number of configured eNodeB cell specific
antenna ports

The cell-specific ratio ρ B /ρ A for 1, 2, or 4 cell specific antenna ports

 Power Control 68

Downlink Power Boosting for Control Channels

• Offsets determine power shifts for subcarriers which carry PCFICH/PHICH or cell-specific Reference Signal (and PRS)

Benefits:
• Better PCFICH detection avoids throughput degradation
due to lost subframes
• Higher reliability of PHICH avoids unnecessary
retransmissions causing capacity degradation and
additional UE power consumption
• Better channel estimation avoids throughput
degradation and improves HO performance
Cons:
• Small degradation on PDSCH subcarriers: Subcarrier
power boosting only allowed if the excess power is
withdrawn from the remaining subcarriers
Example of Reference Signals power
boosting

Feature ID(s): LTE430

 Summary •69

 Cell selection/reselection planning

 LAC/TAC
 Direct Retry
 Handover planning
 Power control planning
 Directed RRC
 “HAPPY LEARNING”

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