Invertebrates: Powerpoint Lectures For

Chapter 33
Invertebrates
PowerPoint Lectures for

Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Overview: Life Without a Backbone
• Invertebrates
– Are animals that lack a backbone
– Account for 95% of known animal species
Figure 33.1
• A review of animal phylogeny
Cnidaria
Porifera
Chordata
Echinodermata
Mollusca, and Annelida)
Other bilaterians (including
Nematoda, Arthropoda,
Deuterostomia
Bilateria
Eumetazoa
Ancestral colonial
choanoflagellate
Figure 33.2
Exploring invertebrate diversity
PORIFERA CTENOPHORA
5,500 100
species species
CNIDARIA
10,000
species

LOPHOTROCHOZOA
PLATYHELMINTHES SYNDERMATA
20,000 2,900
species species
ECTOPROCTA
4,500
species

LOPHOTROCHOZOA
BRACHIOPODA MOLLUSCA
335 100,000
species species
ANNELIDA
16,500
species

ECDYSOZOA
NEMATODA ARTHROPODA
25,000 1,000,000
species species

DEUTEROSTOMIA
HEMICHORDATA ECHINODERMATA
85 7,000
species species
CHORDATA
57,000
species

PHYLUM PORIFERA
• Sponges are sessile and have a porous body and

choanocytes
• Sponges, phylum Porifera
– Live in both fresh and marine waters
– Lack true tissues and organs
• Sponges are suspension feeders

– Capturing food particles suspended in the water that
passes through their body

5
Choanocytes. The spongocoel
is lined with feeding cells called
choanocytes. By beating flagella, Flagellum
the choanocytes create a current that
draws water in through the porocytes. Food particles Choanocyte
Collar in mucus
Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia Osculum

plicifera)
4
Spongocoel. Water
passing through porocytes
enters a cavity called the
Phagocytosis of
spongocoel.
food particles
Amoebocyte
3
Porocytes. Water enters 6
the epidermis through
channels formed by The movement of the choanocyte
porocytes, doughnut-shaped flagella also draws water through its
Spicules
cells that span the body wall. collar of fingerlike projections. Food
particles are trapped in the mucus
coating the projections, engulfed by
2 phagocytosis, and either digested or
Epidermis. The outer transferred to amoebocytes.
layer consists of tightly
packed epidermal cells. Water
flow
7
Amoebocyte. Amoebocytes
1
Mesohyl. The wall of this transport nutrients to other cells of
simple sponge consists of the sponge body and also produce
two layers of cells separated materials for skeletal fibers (spicules).
by a gelatinous matrix, the
mesohyl (“middle matter”).
Figure 33.4

• Choanocytes, flagellated collar cells
– Generate a water current through the sponge and ingest
suspended food
• Most sponges are hermaphrodites

– Meaning that each individual functions as both male and
female

PHYLUM CNIDARIA
• Concept 33.2: Cnidarians have radial symmetry, a

gastrovascular cavity, and cnidocytes
• All animals except sponges
– Belong to the clade Eumetazoa, the animals with true
tissues
• Phylum Cnidaria
– Is one of the oldest groups in this clade

• Cnidarians
– Have diversified into a wide range of both sessile and
floating forms including jellies, corals, and hydras
– But still exhibit a relatively simple diploblastic, radial
body plan

• The basic body plan of a cnidarian
– Is a sac with a central digestive compartment,
the gastrovascular cavity
• A single opening
– Functions as both mouth and anus
• There are two variations on this body plan

– The sessile polyp and the floating medusa

Polyp Mouth/anus Medusa
Tentacle
Gastrovascular
cavity
Gastrodermis
Mesoglea
Epidermis
Body
stalk
Tentacle
Mouth/anus
Figure 33.5

• Cnidarians are
carnivores Prey
– That use tentacles to

capture prey Tentacle
• The tentacles are “Trigger”
armed with cnidocytes Discharge

Of thread
Nematocyst
– Unique cells that
function in defense Coiled thread Cnidocyte
Figure 33.6
and the capture of
prey

• The phylum Cnidaria is divided into four major classes
Table 33.1
– Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa
(b) Many species of jellies (class (c) The sea wasp (Chironex (d) Sea anemones and other
Scyphozoa), including the fleckeri) is a member of members of class Anthozoa
species pictured here, are class Cubozoa. Its poison, exist only as polyps.
bioluminescent. The largest which can subdue fish and
scyphozoans have tentacles other large prey, is more
more than 100 m long potent than cobra venom.
dangling from a bell-shaped
(a) These colonial polyps are members body up to 2 m in diameter.
of class Hydrozoa.
Figure 33.7a–d
Hydrozoans
• Most hydrozoans
– Alternate between polyp and medusa forms
3 Other polyps, specialized
2 Some of the colony’s for reproduction, lack 4 The medusae
polyps, equipped with tentacles, tentacles and produce tiny swim off, grow, and
are specialized for feeding. medusae by asexual budding. reproduce sexually.
Reproductive
polyp
Feeding
1 A colony of
polyp
interconnected
polyps (inset, Medusa
LM) results MEIOSIS
bud
from asexual Gonad
Medusa
reproduction
by budding. SEXUAL
Egg Sperm
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Portion of (BUDDING)
a colony
of polyps FERTILIZATION
Zygote
Developing
polyp
Mature
polyp
Planula
(larva) Key
Haploid (n)
1 mm 6 The planula eventually settles 5 The zygote develops into a Diploid (2n)
Figure 33.8 and develops into a new polyp. solid ciliated larva called a planula.

Scyphozoans
• In the class Scyphozoa
– Jellies (medusae) are the prevalent form of the
life cycle

Cubozoans
• In the class Cubozoa, which includes box jellies

and sea wasps
– The medusa is box-shaped and has complex
eyes

Anthozoans
• Class Anthozoa includes the corals and sea

anemones
– Which occur only as polyps

BILATERIA
• Concept 33.3: Most animals have bilateral symmetry

• The vast majority of animal species belong to the
clade Bilateria
– Which consists of animals with bilateral symmetry
and triploblastic development

PROTOSTOMIA:
LOPHOTROCHOZOA

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
• Members of phylum Platyhelminthes

– Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial
habitats
– Are flattened dorsoventrally and have a
gastrovascular cavity
• Although flatworms undergo triploblastic development

– They are acoelomates

• Flatworms are divided into four classes
Table 33.2
Turbellarian
• Turbellarians
– Are nearly all free-living and mostly marine

• The best-known turbellarians, commonly called
planarians
– Have light-sensitive eyespots and centralized
nerve nets
Digestion is completed within
the cells lining the gastro-
Pharynx. The mouth is at the vascular cavity, which has
tip of a muscular pharynx that three branches, each with
extends from the animal’s fine subbranches that pro-
ventral side. Digestive juices vide an extensive surface area.
are spilled onto prey, and the
pharynx sucks small pieces of Undigested wastes
food into the gastrovascular are egested
cavity, where digestion continues. through the mouth.
Gastrovascular
cavity
Eyespots
Ganglia. Located at the anterior end Ventral nerve cords. From

of the worm, near the main sources the ganglia, a pair of
of sensory input, is a pair of ganglia, ventral nerve cords runs
Figure 33.10 dense clusters of nerve cells. the length of the body.

Monogeneans and Trematode
• Monogeneans and trematodes

– Live as parasites in or on other animals
– Parasitize a wide range of hosts

1
Mature flukes live in the blood vessels of the human
intestine. A female fluke fits into a groove running
the length of the larger male’s body, as shown in
the light micrograph at right. Male
Female
1 mm
5
These larvae penetrate
the skin and blood 2
Blood flukes reproduce
vessels of humans sexually in the human host.
working in irrigated The fertilized eggs exit the
fields contaminated host in feces.
with infected human
feces.
3
The eggs develop in
water into ciliated
larvae. These larvae
infect snails, the
intermediate hosts.
4
Asexual reproduction
within a snail results in
another type of motile
larva, which escapes from
the snail host. Snail host
Figure 33.11

• Most monogeneans
– Are parasites of fish

Tapeworm
• Tapeworms
– Are also parasitic and lack a
digestive system
Proglottids with
reproductive structures
200 µm
Hooks
Scolex
Sucker
Figure 33.12

PHYLUM SYNDERMATA
• Rotifers
– Are tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil
– are smaller than many protists
– But are truly multicellular and have specialized organ systems
0.1 mm
Figure 33.13
• Rotifers have an alimentary canal
– A digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus that
lies within a fluid-filled pseudocoelom
• Rotifers reproduce by parthenogenesis

– In which females produce more females from
unfertilized eggs

• Acanthocephalans
– Are sexually reproducing parasites of vertebrates
– Lack a complete digestive tract
– Commonly called spiny-headed worms
– Have complex life cycle with two or more hosts

LOPHOPHORATES: ECTOPROCTS & BRACHIOPODS
• Lophophorates have a lophophore

– A horseshoe-shaped, suspension-feeding
organ bearing ciliated tentacles

• Ectoprocts
– Are colonial animals that superficially resemble
clumps of moss Lophophore
(a)
Figure 33.15a Ectoprocts, such as this creeping bryozoan (Plumatella repens),

are colonial lophophorates.

• Brachiopods superficially
resemble clams and other
hinge-shelled molluscs
– But the two halves of the
shell are dorsal and ventral Lophophore
rather than lateral, as in
clams
(b) Brachiopods have a hinged shell.

The two parts of the shell are
Figure 33.15b dorsal and ventral.

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
• Concept 33.4: Molluscs have a muscular foot, a visceral mass,

and a mantle
• Phylum Mollusca
– Includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and
squids
• Most molluscs are marine

– Though some inhabit fresh water and some are terrestrial
• Molluscs are soft-bodied animals

– But most are protected by a hard shell
• All molluscs have a similar body plan with three main parts
– A muscular foot
– A visceral mass
– A mantle

Heart. Most molluscs have an open circulatory
system. The dorsally located heart pumps
Nephridium. Excretory organs circulatory fluid called hemolymph through arteries
called nephridia remove metabolic into sinuses (body spaces). The organs of the
wastes from the hemolymph. mollusc are thus continually bathed in hemolymph.
Visceral mass The long digestive tract is

coiled in the visceral mass.
Coelom Intestine
Gonads
Mantle Stomach Radula. The mouth
Mantle region in many
Shell
cavity Mouth mollusc species
Radula
Anus contains a rasp-like
feeding organ
The nervous Gill called a radula. This
system consists belt of backward-
of a nerve ring curved teeth slides
around the back and forth,
esophagus, from Foot Nerve Mouth
cords Esophagus scraping and
which nerve scooping like a
cords extend. backhoe.
Figure 33.16

• Most molluscs have separate sexes
– With gonads located in the visceral mass
• The life cycle of many molluscs

– Includes a ciliated larval stage called a trochophore

• There are four major classes of molluscs
Table 33.3
Chitons
• Class Polyplacophora is composed of the chitons
– Oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of
eight dorsal plates
Figure 33.17

Gastropods
• About three-quarters of all living species of molluscs
– Belong to class Gastropoda
(a) A land snail
(b) A sea slug. Nudibranchs, or sea slugs, lost their shell

Figure 33.18a, b during their evolution.

• Most gastropods
– Are marine, but there are also many freshwater and
terrestrial species
– Possess a single, spiraled shell
• Slugs lack a shell

– Or have a reduced shell

• The most distinctive characteristic of this class
– Is a developmental process known as torsion, which causes
the animal’s anus and mantle to end up above its head
Stomach
Mantle Intestine
cavity
Anus
Mouth

Bivalves
• Molluscs of class Bivalvia
– Include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops
– Have a shell divided into two halves
Figure 33.19
• The mantle cavity of a bivalve
– Contains gills that are used for feeding as well
as gas exchange
Hinge area Coelom
Mantle Gut
Heart
Shell Adductor
muscle
Mouth
Anus
Excurrent
siphon
Palp
Water
Foot flow
Mantle Incurrent
Figure 33.20 cavity Gill siphon

Cephalopods
• Class Cephalopoda includes
squids and octopuses
– Carnivores with beak-like jaws
surrounded by tentacles of
their modified foot
• Most octopuses
– Creep along the sea floor in
search of prey
(a) Octopuses are considered among the most

Figure 33.21a intelligent invertebrates.
• Squids use their siphon
– To fire a jet of water, which allows them to swim very quickly
(b) Squids are speedy carnivores with beaklike jaws and well-
Figure 33.21b developed eyes.

`
• One small group of
shelled cephalopods
– The nautiluses,
survives today
(c) Chambered nautiluses are the only living cephalopods with

Figure 33.21c an external shell.

PHYLUM ANNELIDA
• Concept 33.5: Annelids are segmented worms
• Annelids
– Have bodies composed of a series of fused rings

• The phylum Annelida is divided into three classes
Table 33.4
Oligochaetes
• Oligochaetes (class Oligochaeta)
– Are named for their relatively sparse chaetae, or bristles
made of chitin
– Include the earthworms and a variety of aquatic species
• Earthworms eat their way through the soil, extracting

nutrients as the soil moves through the alimentary canal
– Which helps till the earth, making earthworms valuable to
farmers

• Anatomy of an earthworm
Coelom. The coelom
Each segment is surrounded by longitudinal muscle, which in of the earthworm is Metanephridium. Each
turn is surrounded by circular muscle. Earthworms coordinate partitioned by septa. segment of the worm
the contraction of these two sets of muscles to move (see contains a pair of
Figure 49.25). These muscles work against the noncompressible excretory tubes, called
coelomic fluid, which acts as a hydrostatic skeleton. metanephridia, with
Epidermis Cuticle
ciliated funnels, called
nephrostomes. The
Circular Septum
Many of the internal metanephridia remove
muscle (partition
structures are repeated wastes from the blood
between
within each segment of and coelomic fluid
segments)
the earthworm. through exterior pores.
Longitudinal
Chaetae. Each segment Anus
muscle
has four pairs of Dorsal
chaetae, bristles that vessel
provide traction for
burrowing. Intestine
Tiny blood vessels are
abundant in the earthworm’s
skin, which functions as its
Nerve respiratory organ. The blood
cords Ventral
vessel contains oxygen-carrying
hemoglobin.
Cerebral ganglia. The
Nephrostome Clitellum
earthworm nervous system
features a brain-like pair of Pharynx Esophagus
cerebral ganglia above and Metanephridium
Crop
in front of the pharynx. A ring
of nerves around the pharynx
Giant Australian earthworm
connects to a subpharyngeal
Intestine
ganglion, from which a fused
pair of nerve cords runs
posteriorly. Gizzard
Mouth
Subpharyngeal
ganglion
Ventral nerve cords with segmental ganglia.
The circulatory system, a network of vessels, The nerve cords penetrate the septa and run
is closed. The dorsal and ventral vessels are linked the length of the animal, as do the digestive
by segmental pairs of vessels. The dorsal vessel tract and longitudinal blood vessels.
and five pairs of vessels that circle the esophagus
of an earthworm are muscular and pump blood
Table 33.26 through the circulatory system.

Polychaetes
• Members of class Polychaeta
– Possess paddlelike parapodia that function as gills and
aid in locomotion
Parapodia
Figure 33.23
Leeches
• Members of class Hirudinea

– Are blood-sucking parasites,
such as leeches
Figure 33.25

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Chapter 33

PowerPoint Lectures for

Lectures by Chris Romero

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Sponges are sessile and have a porous body and

• Sponges are suspension feeders

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia Osculum

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Most sponges are hermaphrodites

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Concept 33.2: Cnidarians have radial symmetry, a

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• There are two variations on this body plan

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

– That use tentacles to

• The tentacles are “Trigger”

armed with cnidocytes Discharge

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• In the class Cubozoa, which includes box jellies

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Class Anthozoa includes the corals and sea

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Concept 33.3: Most animals have bilateral symmetry

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Members of phylum Platyhelminthes

• Although flatworms undergo triploblastic development

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Ganglia. Located at the anterior end Ventral nerve cords. From

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Monogeneans and trematodes

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Rotifers reproduce by parthenogenesis

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Lophophorates have a lophophore

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 33.15a Ectoprocts, such as this creeping bryozoan (Plumatella repens),

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

(b) Brachiopods have a hinged shell.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Concept 33.4: Molluscs have a muscular foot, a visceral mass,

• Most molluscs are marine

• Molluscs are soft-bodied animals

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Visceral mass The long digestive tract is

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The life cycle of many molluscs

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings