You are on page 1of 29

Pembimbing :

dr. Novita Elyana, SpRad

Amri Ashshiddieq
1810221009
https://thejns.org/pediatrics/view/journals/j-neurosurg-pediatr/7/3/article-p261.xml
Maxillofacial and skull-base fractures are common in
the trauma patient, and clinical examination is of
limited value due to overlying oedema, haemorrhage
andsoft tissue injury.
Radiological assessment of the maxillofacial
and skull-base trauma has evolved over the
past couple of decades, with high-resolution CT now
being the mainstream of imaging.
Accurate classification of the fractures and
identification of related complications permit prompt
surgical management and prevent cosmetic
deformity and functional disability.
 1. Allareddy V, Allareddy V and Nalliah RP. Epidemiology of facial fracture injuries. J Oral Maxillofac Surg: Offic J
Am Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surgeons 2011; 69: 2613–
 2. Iida S, Kogo M, Sugiura T, et al. Retrospective analysis of 1502 patients with facial fractures. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 2001; 30: 286–290.
 3. Gassner R, Tuli T, Hachl O, et al. Cranio-maxillofacial trauma: a 10 year review of 9,543 cases with 21,067
injuries. J Cranio-maxillo-fac Surg: Offic Publ Eur Assoc Cranio-maxillo-fac Surg 2003; 31: 51–61.
 4. Kraft A, Abermann E, Stigler R, et al. Craniomaxillofacial trauma: synopsis of 14,654 cases with 35,129 injuries
in 15 years. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2012; 5: 41–50.
 5. Hollier LH Jr, Sharabi SE, Koshy JC, et al. Facial trauma: general principles of management. J Craniofac Surg
2010; 21: 1051–1053.
 6. Schuknecht B and Graetz K. Radiologic assessment of maxillofacial, mandibular, and skull base trauma. Eur
Radiol 2005; 15: 560–568.
 7. Winegar BA, Murillo H and Tantiwongkosi B. Spectrum of critical imaging findings in complex facial skeletal
trauma. Radiogr: Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am 2013; 33: 3–19.
 8. Hopper RA, Salemy S and Sze RW. Diagnosis of midface fractures with CT: what the surgeon needs to know.
Radiogr: Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am 2006; 26: 783–793.
 9. Avery LL, Susarla SM and Novelline RA. Multidetector and three-dimensional CT evaluation of the patient with
maxillofacial injury. Radiol Clin N Am 2011; 49: 183–203.
 10. Som PM and Brandwein MS. Facial fractures and postoperative findings. In: Som PM, Curtin HD (eds) Head
and neck imaging, 4th edn. St Louis, MO: Elsevier, 2003, pp. 374–438.
 11. Gillespie JE, Isherwood I, Barker GR, et al. Threedimensional reformations of computed tomography in the
assessment of facial trauma. Clin Radiol 1987; 38: 523–526.
 12. Kaur J and Chopra R. Three dimensional CT reconstruction for the evaluation and surgical planning of mid
face fractures: a 100 case study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2010; 9: 323–328.
 13. Gentry LR, Manor WF, Turski PA, et al. Highresolution CT analysis of facial struts in trauma: 1. Normal
anatomy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983; 140: 523–532.
 14. Gentry LR, Manor WF, Turski PA, et al. High-resolution CT analysis of facial struts in trauma: 2.
Osseous and soft-tissue complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983; 140: 533–541.
 15. Linnau KF, Stanley RB Jr, Hallam DK, et al. Imaging of high-energy midfacial trauma: what the
surgeon needs to know. Eur J Radiol 2003; 48: 17–32.
 16. Manson PN, Clark N, Robertson B, et al. Subunit principles in midface fractures: the
importance of sagittal buttresses, soft-tissue reductions, and sequencing treatment of segmental
fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 103: 1287–1306, quiz 307.
 17. Rhea JT, Rao PM and Novelline RA. Helical CT and three-dimensional CT of facial and orbital
injury. Radiol Clin N Am 1999; 37: 489–513.
 18. Rowe NL. Maxillofacial injuries—current trends and techniques. Injury 1985; 16: 513–525.
 19. Gruss JS and Mackinnon SE. Complex maxillary fractures: role of buttress reconstruction and
immediate bone grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 1986; 78: 9–22.
 20. Manson PN, Hoopes JE and Su CT. Structural pillars of the facial skeleton: an approach to the
management of Le Fort fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980; 66: 54–62.
 21. Holland IS, McMahon JD, Koppel DA, et al. Maxillary and panfacial fractures. In: Booth PW,
Eppley BL and Schmelzeisen R (eds) Maxillofacial trauma and esthetic facial reconstruction, 2nd
edn. St Louis, MO: Elsevier, 2011, pp. 228–251.
 22. Kelley P, Hopper R and Gruss J. Evaluation and treatment of zygomatic fractures. Plast
Reconstr Surg 2007; 120(7, Suppl 2): 5S–15S.
 23. Freund M, Hahnel S and Sartor K. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of
orbital floor fractures. Eur Radiol 2002; 12: 1127–1133.
 24. Linnau KF, Hallam DK, Lomoschitz FM, et al. Orbital apex injury: trauma at the junction
between the face and the cranium. Eur J Radiol 2003; 48: 5–16.
 25. Martello JY and Vasconez HC. Supraorbital roof fractures: a formidable entity with which to contend. Ann
Plast Surg 1997; 38: 223–227.
 26. Pathria MN and Blaser SI. Diagnostic imaging of craniofacial fractures. Radiol Clin N Am 1989; 27: 839–853.
 27. Burm JS, Chung CH and Oh SJ. Pure orbital blowout fracture: new concepts and importance of medial orbital
blowout fracture. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 103:
 1839–1849.
 28. Rohrich RJ, Hollier LH and Watumull D. Optimizing the management of orbitozygomatic fractures. Clin Plast
 Surg 1992; 19: 149–165.
 29. Pelton RW, Rainey AM and Lee AG. Traumatic subluxation of the globe into the maxillary sinus. AJNR Am J
 Neuroradiol 1998; 19: 1450–1451.
 30. Levin LA, Beck RW, Joseph MP, et al. The treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: the International Optic
Nerve Trauma Study. Ophthalmology 1999; 106: 1268–1277.
 31. Haug RH, Kimberly D and Bradrick JP. A comparison of microscrew and suture fixation for porous high-
density polyethylene orbital floor implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg: Offic J Am Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surgeons
1993; 51: 1217–12120.
 32. Evans BT and Webb AA. Post-traumatic orbital reconstruction: anatomical landmarks and the concept of the
deep orbit. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007; 45: 183–189.
 33. Kuhn F, Halda T, Witherspoon CD, et al. Intraocular foreign bodies: myths and truths. Eur J Ophthalmol 1996;
6: 464–471.
 34. Ho VT, McGuckin JF Jr and Smergel EM. Intraorbital wooden foreign body: CT and MR appearance. AJNR Am
J Neuroradiol 1996; 17: 134–136.
 35. Whitehouse RW, Batterbury M, Jackson A, et al. Prediction of enophthalmos by computed tomography after
‘blow out’ orbital fracture. Br J Ophthalmol 1994; 78: 618–620.
 36. Schuknecht B, Carls F, Valavanis A, et al. CT assessment of orbital volume in late post-traumatic
enophthalmos. Neuroradiology 1996; 38: 470–475. 254 Trauma 16(4)
 37. Markowitz BL, Manson PN, Sargent L, et al. Management of the medial canthal tendon in nasoethmoid
orbital fractures: the importance of the central fragment in classification and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg
1991; 87: 843–853.
 38. Sargent LA. Nasoethmoid orbital fractures: diagnosis and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg
2007; 120(7, Suppl 2): 16S–31S.
 39. Ogura I, Kaneda T, Mori S, et al. Characterization of mandibular fractures using 64-slice
multidetector CT. Dento Maxillofac Radiol 2012; 41: 392–395.
 40. Assael LA. Clinical aspects of imaging in maxillofacial trauma. Radiol Clin N Am 1993; 31: 209–
220.
 41. Chacon GE, Dawson KH, Myall RW, et al. A comparative study of 2 imaging techniques for the
diagnosis of condylar fractures in children. J Oral Maxillofac Surg: Offic J Am Assoc Oral Maxillofac
Surgeons 2003; 61: 668–672, discussion 73.
 42. Ogura I, Sasaki Y and Kaneda T. Analysis of mandibular condylar and glenoid fossa fractures
with computed tomography. Eur Radiol 2013.
 43. Schuknecht B and Valavanis A. Osteomyelitis of the mandible. Neuroimag Clin N Am 2003; 13:
605–618.
 44. Brodie HA and Thompson TC. Management of complications from 820 temporal bone
fractures. Am J Otol 1997; 18: 188–197.
 45. Nosan DK, Benecke JE Jr and Murr AH. Current perspective on temporal bone trauma.
Otolaryngol—Head Neck Surg: Offic J Am Acad Otolaryngol—Head Neck Surg 1997; 117: 67–71.
 46. Cannon CR and Jahrsdoerfer RA. Temporal bone fractures. Review of 90 cases. Arch
Otolaryngol 1983; 109: 285–288.
 47. Zayas JO, Feliciano YZ, Hadley CR, et al. Temporal bone trauma and the role of multidetector
CT in the emergency department. Radiogr: Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am 2011; 31: 1741–1755.
 48. Ishman SL and Friedland DR. Temporal bone fractures: traditional classification and clinical relevance.
Laryngoscope 2004; 114: 1734–1741.
 49. Swartz JP and Curtin HD. Temporal bone: trauma. In: Som PM, Curtin HD (eds) Head and neck imaging, 4th
edn. St Louis, MO: Elsevier, 2003, pp. 1230–1244.
 50. Gurdjian ES and Lissner HR. Deformations of the skull in head injury studied by the stresscoat technique,
quantitative determinations. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1946; 83: 219–233.
 51. Travis LW, Stalnaker RL and Melvin JW. Impact trauma of the human temporal bone. J Trauma 1977; 17: 761–
766.
 52. Dahiya R, Keller JD, Litofsky NS, et al. Temporal bone fractures: otic capsule sparing versus otic capsule
violating clinical and radiographic considerations. J Trauma 1999; 47: 1079–1083.
 53. Little SC and Kesser BW. Radiographic classification of temporal bone fractures: clinical predictability using a
new system. Arch Otolaryngol—Head Neck Surg 2006; 132: 1300–1304.
 54. Meriot P, Veillon F, Garcia JF, et al. CT appearances of ossicular injuries. Radiogr: Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am
1997; 17: 1445–1454.
 55. Harker LA and McCabe BF. Temporal bone fractures and facial nerve injury. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 1974; 7:
425–431.
 56. Casselman JW. Temporal bone imaging. Neuroimag Clin N Am 1996; 6: 265–289.
 57. West OC, Mirvis SE and Shanmuganathan K. Transsphenoid basilar skull fracture: CT patterns. Radiology
1993; 188: 329–338.
 58. Menku A, Koc RK, Tucer B, et al. Clivus fractures: clinical presentations and courses. Neurosurg Rev 2004; 27:
194–198.
 59. Resnick DK, Subach BR and Marion DW. The significance of carotid canal involvement in basilar cranial
fracture. Neurosurgery 1997; 40: 1177–1181.
 60. Fabian TS, Woody JD, Ciraulo DL, et al. Posttraumatic carotid cavernous fistula: frequency analysis of signs,
symptoms, and disability outcomes after angiographic embolization

You might also like