NiTi particularly exhibits superelastic behavior between 10oC – 125oC
Other alloys with superelastic properties are
the alloys of copper-zinc, copper-aluminum, or titanium-niobium
Ideal temperature range in endodontics is
23oC to 36oC, the temperatures found in the composition of 50% Ni and 50% Ti Orthodontics began using NiTi in the late 1970’s
NiTi was also useful in wiring fractures in
orthopedics and oral surgery
Initial work proved NiTi resisted corrosion
in the body and was extremely biocompatible The First Use of NiTi in Endodontic Hand Files Walia, Brantley, and Gerstein conducted the first reported investigation of the NiTi alloy in endodontics in 1988
Testing concluded that the NiTi had two to
three times the elastic flexibility and greater resistance to torsion fractures By 1991 Quality Dental (Johnson City, TN), developed a process for grinding NiTi alloy files for NiTi Co. (Chattanooga, TN)
It was reported to be 500% more flexible
than conventional stainless steel and said to be capable of withstanding 1000% more stress than conventional stainless steel University of South Carolina conducted a study in 1992 with their pre-doctoral students
Fewer cases of broken instruments,
perforations, and ledges occurred in the group using NiTi hand files University of Tennessee conducted a similar study in 1993 with their pre-doctoral students
Students using NiTi hand files had
significantly higher grades, instrumented the canals significantly faster, and had overall superior results
NiTi files seemed to work more efficiently
in a reaming motion rather than a filing motion Table 1: This table illustrates the procedural errors made by the students during their proficiency exam with the two sets of files. (* Statistically significant) The First Use of NiTi in Endodontic Rotary Files
1991 NiTi Co. had two rotary file designs to
make up their file line
These two file designs were developed
uniquely for continuous 360o rotation The first file design, U-File design, which continues to be offered today as the Profile, GT and LightSpeed, for sizes #15 through #35
The second file design, the Sensor File, was
used in sizes #40-#60 and incorporated two sets of flutes having different helical angles Oregon Health Sciences University compared four instrumentation techniques
1) Step-back preparation with K-files
2) Crown-down preparation with K-files 3) Sonic instrumentation with Shaper- Sonic files 4) NiTiMatic preparation system with NiTi rotary files Incidence of zipping, ledging, and elbow formation was found to be the lowest with the use of the NiTiMatic preparation system with NiTi rotary files In 1993 the University of Tennessee conducted a study comparing hand stainless steel, hand NiTi files, and the NiTiMatic preparation system with NiTi rotary files
They found the rotary files to have achieved
the same shaping goals in about half the time of the other two groups:
Rotary 173 s Hand stainless 328 s Hand NiTi 351 s The NiTi rotary was found to have maintained the apical shape better, indicating fewer zip type procedural errors
Amount of material removed at the working
length: Rotary 0.017 mm Hand NiTi 0.023 mm Hand stainless steel 0.139 mm
They also found the canal width of the inner
wall to be closer to the original width and more centered with the rotary group This illustrates the increase in canal width on the inside of the curve at the point of curvature.