NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

Index :
• Testing methods
• Various ndt methods
 radiographic testing
 Magnetic particle testing
 liquid penetrant testing
 Ultrasonic testing
Testing methods:

• Non destructive testing methods : these tests

are often used to determine the
discontinuities and differences in material
characteristics
• Destructive testing methods : these tests are
used to determine the physical properties of
the materials such as ductility , yield and
ultimate tensile strength , fracture toughness
,fatigue strength etc;
Non destructive testing :

It is a wide group of analysis techniques

used in science and industry to evaluate the
properties of a material or a component without
causing any damage .
ex : ultrasonic testing , radiographic
testing , magnetic particle testing, eddy current
testing ,liquid penetrant testing, acoustic
emmission, replication, acoustic
microscopy,microwave testing, inferometry, etc;
Visual inspection:

• Most common form of inspection methods

• Used to inspect the surface discontinuities.
• It can be direct viewing in the sight of vision or
can be enhanced through some optical
instruments like magnifying glasses ,
mirrors,boroscopes,etc ;
• Requires good illuminating test surface and
proper eye-sight of the tester.
Fibrescope boroscope
Liquid penetrant testing:
• It is a method to reveal surface flaws by bleed out
of the coloured dye from the flaw.
• basic steps for this test :
 surface preparation: the surface must be free of
oil , grease and other contaminants which will
prevent the penetrant to enter into the flaw.
 Penetrant application: after cleaning the surface
and dried ,the penetrant material is applied
either by spraying , brushing or immersing the
part in a penetrant bath.
 Contd.

 Excess penetrant removal : after the

penetrant is allowed to settle for sometime
the excess penetrant is removed from the
surface .
 Developer application: a thin of layer of
developer is then applied to the surface to
draw the penetrant trapped in flaws back to
the suraface where it will be visible.
Developers can be of powdered form.
Magnetic particle testing :

• This method is used to locate surface and near

surface discontinuities in ferro-magnetic
materials such as iron , cobalt , nickel etc;
• The first step in this method is to magnetise
the component that is to be inspected.
• If any defect is present on or near the surface
the defects will create the leakage in magnetic
field called magnetic flux leakage .
 Contd..

• Magnetic flux leakage : if a magnet is just

cracked but not broken completely into two, a
north pole and south pole will form at each
edge of the crack. The magnetic field exits the
north pole and re-enters the south pole.
the magnetic field spreads out
when it encounters the small air gap created
by the crack because the air cannot support as
much magnetic field per unit volume as the
magnet can.when the field spreads out , it
appears to leak out of the material and thus
called the magnetic flux leakage .
Contd..
 Contd..

• Now if any iron particles are sprinkled on the

cracked magnet, the particles will be attracted
to and cluster not only at the poles at the
ends of the magnet but also at the poles at
the edges of the crack . This cluster of
particles is much easier to see than the actual
crack .
Radiographic testing :

• It is method of inspecting materials for hidden

flaws by using the ability of short wavelength
electro magnetic radiation(high energy
photons ) to penetrate various materials.
• it involves exposing a test object to
penetrating radiation so that the radiation
passes through the object being inspected
• A recording medium is placed on the opposite
side of the object .
Contd..

• For thinner or less dense materials x-rays are

used and for thicker or dener materials gamma
radiations are used .
• Iridium-192 and cobalt-60 are the two sources of
gamma radiation
• With both, the radiation passing through the test
object exposes the media, causing an end effect
of having darker areas where more radiation has
passed through the object and lighter areas
where less radiation has passed.
• If there is any void more radiation will penetrate
causing a darker image on the film.
Contd..
 Ultrasonic testing :
• This method makes use of a mechanical
vibrations similar to sound waves of high
frequncy of about 50MHz.
• A typical UT inspection system consists of
pulser/receiver , tranducer( peizo electric
element ) and display devices .
• A pulser is an electronic device which generates
high energy electric pulses .
• The transducer converts these electric pulses into
high frequency ultrasonic energy .
Contd.
.
• The sound energy is introduced and propagates
in the form of waves .
• When there is a crack in the wave path part of
energy will be reflected back to the surface from
the flaw or discontinuity.
• The reflected wave signal is transformed into an
electric signal by the transducer and displayed on
the screen.
• The initial signal ,the returned echoes from the
discontinuities and the echo from the rear part of
the test surface are all displayed on the screen.
• The distance , location of the discontinuities
makes possible with these .
Contd..
 Contd …

• Explantion of the fig 2 :

LEFT: a probe sends a sound
wave into a test material.there are two
indications, one from the initial pulse of the
probe and the other from the back wall echo
RIGHT : a defect creates the
third indication and simultaneously reduces
the amplitude of the back wall indication. The
depth of the defect is determined by the ratio
D/Ep.
Thank you