Water Conditioning Process

Dr.Lek Wantha
 Contents
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 Water usage in industries
 Water sources
 Water quality related to end-use
 Water treatment for industrial supply
 Water softening
 Ionexchange process
 Lime-soda process

 Demineralization
 Desalting or Desalinization
 Electrodialysis
(ED)
 Reverse osmosis (RO)
 Water Usage in Industries
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 Component in products
 Energy carrying media (heat media), i.e. steam
 Cooling media
 Cleaning
 Separating & Purification
 Transportation of raw material & products
 Mixing
 Complete reaction
 Water Sources (exclude tap water)
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 Sea water
 Salt >>>2.6% by mass NaCl, MgCl2, sulfate
 Gases>>> N2, O2,CO2
 Surface water
 Flowing in river, cannel
 Contain of inorganic
and organic compounds
depend on climatic
 Underground water
 Artesian well
 Water table well
 Spring
 Geysers (hot spring)
 Water Sources
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 Water Quality Related to End-use
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 Inorganic salts  Organic compounds

 Ca2+ & dissolved gasses
 Mg2+  CO2
 Na+  O2

 K+  H2S

 Sulfate carbonate  Organisms

 Chloride ion  Aquatic animals
 Aquatic insects

 Microorganisms
 Water Quality Related to End- use
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Water quality parameter Measurement parameter

pH pH
Suspended solid SS
Turbidity Turbidity
Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hardness
Dissolved ion Conductivity
 Water quality Requirement for Agriculture
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 Livestock  Fish, aquatic life, wide

 Low bacteria, life requirements
<40/100 mL  Low toxic concentration
 Low toxic
 pH near neutral (6.5-
8.5)
concentration
 Low BOD (1-2 mg/L)
 Irrigation  High DO
 Low dissolved solids,  Cold: 6-7 mg/L (15 ºC)
<500 mg/L  Warm: 4-5 mg/L (20
 Total bacteria, ºC)
100,000/100 mL  Low temperature,
 Low heavy metal
turbidity
BOD= Biochemical oxygen demand
OD = Dissolved oxygen
 Water quality Requirement for Industries
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 Cooling  Thermal power

 Low hardness, 50 ppm
of (Mg2+ + Ca2+)
 Public recreational
 Low corrosivity
 Food processing,
brewing & soft
drinking
 As public drinking
water, but F- <1 ppm
 Total Dissolved Solid
(TDS) < 0.1 ppm
requirements
 Free of color, odor,
taste and turbidity
 Total bacteria,
<1000/100 mL
 Coliform bacteria
<100/100 mL
 Low nutrients
 Water quality Requirement for Industries
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 Public drinking water (treated)

 No bacteria
 Low nitrate, nitrite (< 10 ppm)

 Very low pesticide (none or < 0.05 ppm)

 Fluoride allowable to 2.4 ppm

 Toxic substances (below criteria level)

 TDS < 500 ppm

 Water Treatment for Industrial Supply
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Water treatment

Clarification Disinfection Hardness removal Deaeration Distillation

(softening)

Physical Chemical Physico-

chemical Chemical
methods methods methods

Lime soda Cation

Thermal process exchange Physical
process

Distillation Phosphate
process

Freezing-out
 Water treatment

Water softening Demineralization Desalinization

Ion exchange Electrodialysis

process Lime-soda process (ED)

Sodium Cation Reverse

Exchange osmosis (RO)
Hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2)
Hydrogen Quicklime (CaO) Ion exchange process
Cation Soda ash (Na2CO3) Reverse osmosis (RO)
Exchange Caustic soda (NaOH)
Electrodialysis (ED)
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 Water Softening
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 Reduce/remove hardness
 Hardness
 Dissolved salts: Calcium and magnesium
 Problems
Calcium bicarbonate → Calcium carbonate + Water + Carbon dioxide
Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
 deposition of calcium carbonate scale in pipes and
equipment
 causes corrosion of iron or steel equipment

 culprit in forming soap scum

14 Hardness of Water

Carbonate Hardness Non-Carbonate Hardness

(Temporary hardness) (Permanent hardness)
Calcium & magnesium
bicarbonate Calcium & magnesium sulfate
Softening Calcium & magnesium nitrate

Boiling Calcium & magnesium chloride

Adding lime
Adding sodium carbonate Softening
Exchange process
Adding sodium carbonate
Exchange process
 Ca(HCO3)2 + heat  CaCO3 +CO2+H2O
Boiling Mg(HCO3)2 + heat  MgCO3 +CO2+H2O

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2  2CaCO3 +2H2O

Adding lime MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2  Mg(OH)2  + CaCl2

Water Adding sodium CaCl2+Na2CO3  CaCo3  + 2NaCl

Softening carbonate MgSO4+Na2CO3+ Ca(OH)2  Mg(OH)2
 +CaCo3  + Na2SO4

Sodium Cation
Ion Exchange Exchange
Exchange Process
process
Hydrogen Cation
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Exchange
Anion Exchanger
 Ion Exchange Process
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Zeolite softening
 Ion Exchange Process
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 Advantages  Limitations
 Ion exchange can be
used with fluctuating flow
rates.
 Makes effluent
contamination impossible.
 Resins are available in
large varieties from
suppliers and each resin
is effective in removing
specific contaminants.
 Pretreatment is required
for most surface waters.
 Waste is highly
concentrated and
requires careful disposal.
 Unacceptable high levels
of contamination in
effluent.
 Units are sensitive to the
other ions present.
 Sodium Cation Exchange
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 Hydrogen Cation Exchange
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 Anion Exchanger
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 Lime-soda Process
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 Lime = CaO + Soda = soda ash (Na2CO3)

 Carbonate hardness (temporary)
 Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2  2CaCO3 +2H2O
 Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2  MgCO3+CaCO3 +2H2O

 MgCO3+ Ca(OH)2  Mg(OH)2 +CaCO3

 Non-carbonate hardness (Permanent)

 MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2  Mg(OH)2  + CaCl2
 CaCl2+Na2CO3  CaCo3  + 2NaCl

 CaSO4+Na2CO3  CaCo3  + Na2SO4

 MgSO4+Na2CO3+ Ca(OH)2  Mg(OH)2  +CaCo3  + Na2SO4
22

Types of Lime
Hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2)
quicklime (CaO)
Soda ash (Na2CO3)
Caustic soda (NaOH)
 Demineralization Process
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 Removal of minerals and nitrate from the water

 Ion exchange:
 removal of hardness ions (magnesium and calcium)
 water demineralization
 90% of barium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, silver,
radium, nitrites, selenium and nitrates can be effectively
removed from water
 Reverse osmosis
 Electrodialysis
 membrane processes, remove dissolved solids from water
using membranes
 Desalting or Desalinization Process
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 Treatment of highly saline water:

 sea water
 3,500 ppm of dissolved salt

 Lowing saline contents

 < 500 ppm
 Two methods
 Electrodialysis (ED)
 Reverse Osmosis (RO)
 Electrodialysis (ED)
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2H2O + 2e- 2OH- +H2(g)

2Cl-  2e- +Cl2 (g)

 Osmosis vs. Reverse Osmosis (RO)
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Osmosis Reverse Osmosis

Contaminants
Contaminants

Direction of water flow Direction of water flow

 Sources
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 http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV115/lesson9.
htm