PREDICTING PERIODS

AND GROUPS
 GUIDELINES IN DETERMINING PERIOD AND
GROUP
1. If the electron configuration of the elements ends in s or p, then the
elements belongs to family A; otherwise, the elements belongs to
family B.
2. The outermost energy level of the element corresponds to its period.
3. For an element belonging to family A, the number of electrons in the
outermost energy level corresponds to the group of the element.
4. For an element belonging to B (provided that the electron configuration
does not end in f), the total number of electrons in the outermost
energy level and the incomplete inner sublevel is equal to the group
number except for the following sum whose corresponding groups are
indicated:
 GUIDELINES IN DETERMINING PERIOD AND
GROUP
Total Number of Electrons
in the Outermost Energy
Level and the Incomplete
Sublevel Group
9 VIII
10 VIII
11 I
Example 1.1
Predict the period and the group of each of the following elements:
a. 14 N d. 59 Co

7 27

b. 24 Mg e. 108 Ag
12 47

c. 80 Br f. 65 Zn

35 30
a.
14 N
7
e- in the OEL
1s2 2s2 2p3 sum = 5 ( group)

ends in p (family A)

outermost energy level= 2 (period)

d.
59 Co
27
sum = 9 ( group VIII)

1s2 2s2 2p63s2 3p64s23d7 ends in d (family B)

incomplete inner sub level

outermost energy level= 4 (period)
TRENDS IN PERIODIC
PROPERTIES OF THE
ELEMENTS
ATOMIC SIZE

 refers to the radius of an atom.

 atomic radius generally increases from right to
left in a period and from top to bottom in a
group.
METALLIC CHARACTER

 behavior exhibited by a metal.

 generally increases from right to left in a period
and from top to bottom in a group.
 atomic radius and metallic character follow the
same trend.
IONIZATION ENERGY

 minimum energy needed to remove electron from

the gaseous atom.
 generally increases from bottom to top in a group
and from left to right in a period.
 atomic radius and metallic character follow the
same trend.
 the 1st I.E is the energy needed to remove the
outermost electron from the gaseous atom.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY

 ability of an atom to attract electrons.

 generally increases from bottom to top in a group
and from left to right in a period.
 noble gases have almost no tendency to attract
electrons; hence, the halogen is the most
electronegative in any period.
ELECTRON AFFINITY
 the change in energy that accompanies the
addition of an electron to a gaseous atom.
 generally increases from bottom to top in a group
and from left to right in a period.
 halogens have the highest E.A.
 Cl has the highest E. A.
 negative sign indicates that energy is released
when e- is added
 positive sign indicates that energy is absorbed
when e- is added to the gaseous atom.
EXERCISES

1. Arrange the elements in order of increasing

atomic radius.
a. Be, N, Na, F
b. Ca, P, K, Cl
Answer

1. Arrange the elements in order of increasing

atomic radius.
a. F, N, Be, Na
b. Cl, P, Ca, K
EXERCISES
2. What element is the most metallic in group 1A?

H
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
Answer

2. Fr
Predict the period and group of each of
the following elements:
1. K
2. Cr
3. Cl
4. Fe
5. Kr
6. Cu
7. Cd