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CIRCULATION
STABILITY IN A
COUPLED LAND-
OCEAN-
ATMOSPHERE BOX
MODEL
CONTENT
Introduction
Model Description
Equilibrium Analysis
Conclusions and Future Works
INTRODUCTION
In the introduction section mostly talk about the study of The Thermohaline Circulation and Modelling Approach. The
oceans and atmosphere form a global-scale system that determines climate patterns over large regions. The
amount of heat stored and released by each depends on its density and volume. From the observation
thermohaline circulation show that ocean circulation is in fact initialized by deep cold water formation in the North
Atlantic. And the question that come up in this paperwork is how stable is the current global THC pattern and what
are the feedbacks that lead to one scenario or another?
Modeling Approaches on this paperwork was both general circulation models (GCMs) and simple box models
(SBMs) have been used to study the THC. GCMs formulate the equations of motion through finite difference
methods while SBMs use a limited number of parameterized equations. These models benefit from representative
geography and include seasonal variations in insolation and humidity-dependent cloud cover. The equations are not
solved analytically or numerically for steady-states and the feedback analysis only considers the case with complete
zonal mixing. Last question drives this paperworks was is whether allowing finite zonal heat transport efficiency
changes the equilibrium solutions or the feedback stucture or strength. If the change is significant, then the size of
the continents and the atmospheric temperatures above them may have a strong influence on global temperatures
and the existing THC regime. If the change is not so significant, the ocean would still have the strongest influence
on global climate and the assumption of atmospheric uniformity would not be too unrealistic.
MODEL DESCRIPTION four boxes represent the
atmosphere above high-latitude
• E :net evaporation from low-latitudes and low-latitude
and net precipitation into high ocean and land
• Latitudes
• q : the flow strength between boxes
• HO, H02 : heat gain over
• the ocean
• HL1, HL2 : heat gain over land.
• Hd : the meridional energy transport Heat gain
• split Ehd over the ocean
• (1 - E)Hd over land.
• Fw is the meridional moisture
transport
• split Efw over the ocean low-latitude high-latitude
• (1-E)Fw over land. basins basin
• E used this way defines the ocean
area relative to the total surface area. Vertical view of the box model in the northern hemisphere facing west. The ocean and the
atmosphere over it are in the foreground; the atmosphere over land is in the background.
Heat fluxes are represented by light arrows and moisture fluxes by dark arrows. Northward
atmospheric transports are split E over the ocean and (1-E) over land.
BASIC EQUATION
𝑇 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑆 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1
Diperoleh konservasi panas dan kelembapan adalah
𝑇1ሶ = 𝐻1 − 𝑞 𝑇
𝑇2ሶ = 𝐻2 − 𝑞 𝑇
𝑆1ሶ = 𝐻𝑠 + 𝑞 𝑆
𝑆2ሶ = 𝐻𝑠 − 𝑞 𝑆
ෲ1 dan 𝐻
Untuk kenaikan panas permukaan 𝐻1 dan 𝐻2 menjadi fluks 𝐻 ෲ2 , kalikan masing-masing kapasitas
air dari kolan per satuan air.
𝑐𝜌𝑜 𝐷 = 2𝑥1010 𝑗𝑚2 𝐾 −2
Aliran 𝑞 merupakan fungsi linear dari gradient densitas
𝑞 = 𝑘 𝜌1 − 𝜌2 = 𝑘(𝛼𝑇 − 𝛽𝑆)
𝛼 dan 𝛽 = koefisien ekspansi termal
𝑘 = dinamika antara densitas dan medan aliran
Permukaan salinitas fluks Hs adalah fungsi linear dari fluks air tawar permukaan:
𝐸
𝐻𝑠 = 𝑆𝑜
𝐷
BASIC EQUATION
Permukaan salinitas fluks Hs adalah fungsi linear dari fluks air tawar permukaan:
𝐸
𝐻𝑠 = 𝑆𝑜
𝐷
Istilah radiasi untuk bagian atas atmosfer adalah fungsi linear dari suhu permukaan di bawah ini:
𝐻01 = 𝐴1 − 𝐵𝑇1
𝐻02 = 𝐴2 − 𝐵𝑇2
𝐻𝐿1 = 𝐴1 − 𝐵𝑇𝐿1
𝐻𝐿2 = 𝐴2 − 𝐵𝑇𝐿2
𝐴1 dan 𝐴2 adalah radiasi gelembang pendek lintang tinggi (negative) dan lintang rendah (positif) untuk suhu 0oC permukaan.
𝐵𝑇1 ,𝐵𝑇2 dan 𝐵𝐿1 ,𝐵𝐿2 adalah komponen radiasi gelombang panjang
Pperpindahan pana dan kelembapan meridional 𝐻𝑑 dan 𝐹𝑤 tersebar merata di garis lintang tinggi sehingga 𝜀 terjadi di atas lautan dan (1 − 𝜀) terjadi di atas daratan
𝐻𝑑 = 𝑋෪𝑛 𝑇 𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑘 𝑛 ≥ 0
𝐹𝑤 = 𝑌෪
𝑚 𝑇
𝑚
𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑘 𝑚 ≥ 0
Sekarang mari lihat transportasi panas zonal 𝜇 (Gambar diatas). Efek orde pertama adalah bahwa suhu darat dan lautan
tidak lagi harus sama satu sama lain. Kita berfikir tentang efek meridional temperature gradient atas daratan dan lautan
dengan mengamati TL – T. selisihnya harus maksimal ketika 𝜇 = 0 sehingga:
2𝑋 + 𝐵
(𝑇𝐿 − 𝑇)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑇 − 𝑇)
𝐵 + 2𝑋(1 − 𝜀) 𝐸
Dengan 𝜇 terbatas selama aliran laut tidak nol, gradient suhu diatas daratan akan lebih besar daripada di samudra.
Area samudra efektif terbesar terjadi ketika:
𝐵 + 2𝑋(1 − 𝜀)
𝜀𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐵
Divergensi antara 𝜀𝐿 dan 𝜀 meningkat ketika lautan menjadi lebih kecil
Beralih ke salinitas, peningkatan 𝜀𝐿 mengurangin Scrit. 𝑇ഥ𝑆 di horizontal TE bermanifestasi dalam pergeseran ke atas dari aliran poleward ke katulistiwa.
Kesetimbangan gradient salinitas tidak lagi harus melewati titik asal. Hasilnya bahwa keadaan stabil yang mengalir di katulistiwa adalah kontras suhu meridional
rata rata, tetapi tidak ada perbedaan temperature samudra murni. Gradient salinitas terbesar dalam situasi ini terjadi ketika 𝜇 = 0. untuk q > 0 :
𝑆𝑜 𝑌 (1 − 𝜀) 𝑇𝐸 (2𝑋 + 𝐵)
𝑆𝑇=0 =
𝛽𝜀𝑊 𝜀𝐿 𝐵
Efisiensi transport secara zonal akan meningkatkan kekuatan dan sensitivitas hubungan timbal balik model.
Untuk eksplorasi mdoel selanjutnya seharusnyda dapat difokuskan pada sensitivitas model dengan transport
kelembapan atmosfer yang berorde kubik.