SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR

Presented by: Lt Cdr Abhinaw Kumar

Guide: Prof Kushal Tuckley
 SCOPE

• Introduction
• Motivation and Application
• Basic Principle
• SAR Image formation
• SAR processing
• SAR Image Properties
• Polarimetric SAR
• SAR Imaging Modes
INTRODUCTION
SYNTHETIC APERTURE
SAR TERMINOLOGY
 MOTIVATION & APPLICATION
• HIGH RESOLUTION CAPABILITY
• DAY AND NIGHT IMAGING CAPABILITY
• WIDE APPLICATION IN REMOTE SENSING AND
SURFACE MAPPING
• OTHER APPLICATIONS- SAR TOPOGRAPHY,
OCEANOGRAPHY, GLACIOLOGY, GEOLOGY
• MILITARY APPLICATION- BORDER AREA MAPPING,
SEA SURFACE MAPPING
SAR PRINCIPLE
• PULSE RADAR SYSTEM
• COHERENT RADAR SYSTEM
• RANGE AND PHASE INFORMATION IS
PRESERVED
• TWO DIMENTIONAL IMAGING (AZIMUTH X
SLANT RANGE)
• AZIMUTH RESOLUTION IS INDEPENDENT OF
RANGE DISTANCE
RANGE RESOLUTION
SLANT RANGE RESOLUTION
= (C X PULSE WIDTH)/2
AZIMUTH RESOLUTION
AZIMUTH RESOLUTION
= (SLANT RANGE X
WAVELENGTH)/2*LENGTH OF
ANTENNA
SAR PROCESSING
COHERENT MEASUREMENT
PULSE COMPRESSION
LINEAR SUPERPOSITION OF CHIRPS
IMAGE FORMATION
SAR IMAGE PROPERTIES

SPECKLE

•INHERENT TO COHERENT SYSTEM

•DUE TO SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF
THE ORDER OF WAVELENGTH
•DUE TO DISTRIBUTION OF
SCATTERERS WITHIN RESOLUTION
CELL
LAYOVER
FORESHORTENING
SHADOWING
 POLARIMETRIC SAR
•RADAR POLARIMETRY IS THE SCIENCE OF ACQUIRING, PROCESSING AND
ANALYSING THE POLARISATION STATE OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

•ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS SUCH AS GRASS OFTEN REFLECT DIFFERENT

POLARIZATIONS WITH DIFFERENT INTENSITIES.

•SOME MATERIALS CONVERT ONE POLARIZATION INTO ANOTHER.

•BY EMITTING A MIXTURE OF POLARIZATIONS AND USING RECEIVING

ANTENNAS WITH A SPECIFIC POLARIZATION, SEVERAL IMAGES CAN BE
COLLECTED FROM THE SAME SERIES OF PULSES.

•INFORMATION LIKE GEOMETRICAL STRUCTURE, REFLECTIVITY, SHAPE AND

ORIENTATION CAN BE GATHERED
 POLARIMETRIC SAR
Radar system using H and V linear polarizations can have following
channels: ƒ

• HH - for horizontal transmit and horizontal receive, (like-polarized) ƒ

• VV - for vertical transmit and vertical receive, (like-polarized) ƒ
• HV - for horizontal transmit and vertical receive (cross-polarized)
• VH - for vertical transmit and horizontal receive (cross-polarized)

Levels of polarization complexity: ƒ

• Single polarized - HH or VV or HV or VH ƒ
• Dual polarized - HH and HV, VV and VH, or HH and VV ƒ
• Quad polarized - HH, VV, HV, and VH
POLARIMETRIC SAR
SAR IMAGING MODES
STRIPMAP MODE
SPOTLIGHT MODE
SCANSAR MODE
THANK YOU