Elementary

Particles
 any of various fundamental
subatomic particles, including those that
are the smallest and most basic
constituents of matter

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Quarks and Leptons:
*The two most fundamental types of
particles are quarks and leptons

*The quarks and leptons are divided into

6 flavors corresponding to three
generations of matter.

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Baryons and Mesons:
Quarks combine to form the basic building blocks
of matter, baryons and mesons.
- Baryons are made of three quarks to form the
protons and neutrons of atomic nuclei (and also
anti-protons and anti-neutrons).
-Mesons, made of quark pairs, are usually found
in cosmic rays

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MODERN
LEGACY

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The Four Fundamental
Forces

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The Strong Force

A force which can hold a nucleus

together against the enormous
forces of repulsion of the protons
is strong indeed.

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The Electromagnetic Force
× the electromagnetic force manifests
itself through the forces between
charges

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The Weak Force
The weak interaction changes one
flavor of quark into another. It is crucial
to the structure of the universe in that

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Gravitation
Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all
things with mass or energy—including planets, stars,
galaxies, and even light—are brought toward one another.

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Quantum Electrodynamics
a quantum field theory that deals with the
electromagnetic field and its interaction
with electrically charged particles.

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Quantum Chromodynamics
× a quantum field theory in which the strong
interaction is described in terms of an
interaction between quarks mediated by
gluons, both quarks and gluons being assigned
a quantum number called “color.”.

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Decay
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Alpha Decay is a radioactive
decay in which a nucleus splits by
emission of alpha particle.

-The nucleus loses its 2 neutrons and 2

protons hence its mass number
decreases by 4 and atomic number
decreases by 2.

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Beta Decay occurs when neutron to
proton ratio is very high which in turn
makes nucleus unstable.

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× Gamma Decay occurs when the nucleus
changes from a high energy state to lower
energy state thereby emitting a photon
known as gamma particle.

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