MAEd – English

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EDUC 202 – Foundation of Education (Philosophical, Sociological and Psychological)
 STRUCTURALISM

COGNITIVISM FUNCTIONALISM

SCHOOLS
OF
PSYCHOLOGY
HUMANISM BEHAVIORISM

GESTALT PSYCHOANALYSIS
PSYCHOLOGY
“behave is what organisms do”
 John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov B.F. Skinner
• Was introduced in 1913 by John B. Watson
• It became a dominant school of thought during the
1950s.
• Behaviourists believed that human behaviour can be
understood by examining the relationship between stimuli
(events in the environment) and responses (observable
behavior).
• Learning occurs as result of reinforcing responses to
stimuli.
“The whole is greater than or
different from the sum of its parts.”
 Max Wertheimer
Wolfgang Kohler Kurt Koffka
• Gestalt Psychology, sometimes referred to as the
“Law of Simplicity”, was founded about 1912 by
Max Wertheimer.
• It is a school of psychology that provided the
foundation for the modern study of perception,
and was formed partially as a response to the
molecular approach of structuralism.
• The word “Gestalt” is a German word that means
configuration or organization – seeing the whole
picture all at once.
• The guiding principle behind the Gestalt
movement was that, “The whole is greater than or
different from the sum of its parts.”
• People tend to organize visual elements into
groups or unified wholes when certain principles
are applied.
• Objects will be perceived in their simplest form
• Humans naturally follow lines or curves
• The mind will attempt to fill in detail that isn’t actually there
GESTALT PRINCIPLES
People will perceive and interpret
ambiguous or complex images as the
simplest form possible.

The fundamental principle of gestalt.

Personal Freedom
Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers
• Emerged during the 1950s as an reaction and/or alternative to
the behaviourism and psychoanalysis.
• Humanistic psychologists believe individuals are controlled by their
own values and choices.
• The goal of humanistic psychology is to help people function
effectively and fulfill its unique potential.
• Personal Freedom
• Choice responsibility
• Achievement motivation towards highest levels
• Control of own destiny