MATHEMATICS

MATH E01P02

Dr. Youssef Rashed

 Teaching Team

• Assoc. Prof. Youssef Rashed

• Dr. Mohammad Tawfik
• Eng. Sarah Deif
• Eng. Sherif Tolba
 Our course MATH E01P02

15 credits = 5 + 10
Contact hours: Student effort:
3Hrs Lectures Your study, home
2Hr  Tutorial works, etc.

You can come and see us at our offices at

any time…
Assessment:

70%  Final unseen paper exam

10%  In class exercise
10%  First midterm (week of 14 October)
10%  Second midterm (week of 2 December)
Textbook:
Calculus by: Swokowski, 5th. Ed.
Brooks/Cole Publications

E-learning web site:

http://newe-learning.bue.edu.eg
 Mathematics
To understand To be used in To be used in
Engineering Programming R&D

Technology
 Schedule
Week Week Of General Topic Topic Notes
1 23/09/2007 Limits and continuity 1.1 Introduction to limits
1.2 Definition of limit
1.3 Techniques of finiding limits
2 30/09/2007 1.4 Limits involving infinity
1.5 Continuous functions
3 07/10/2007 The derivative 2.1 Tangent lines and rates of change
2.2 Definition of derivative
2.3 Techniques of differentiation
4 14/10/2007 1st Midterm (10%)
5 21/10/2007 2.4 Derivatives of trigonomitric functions
2.5 The chain rule
2.6 Implicit differntiation
2.7 Related rates
6 28/10/2007 2.8 Linear approximations and differentials
2.9 Newton's method
7 04/11/2007 Applications of the derivative 3.1 Extrema of functions
3.2 The mean value theorm
3.3 The first derivative test
3.4 Concavity and the derivative test
3.5 Summary of graphical methods
8 11/11/2007 3.6 Optimization problems
3.7 Velocity and acceleration
3.8 App. To ecconomic, etc.
9 18/11/2007 Integrals 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinte integrals
Change of variables in indefinite
4.2 integrals
4.3 Summation notation and area
4.4 Definite integral
4.5 Properties of definite integrals
4.6 The fundamental theorem of calculus
4.7 Numerical integration
10 25/11/2007 Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 7.1 The derivative of the inverse function
7.2 The natural logarithm function
7.3 The exponential function
Integration using natural log. & exp.
7.4 func.
7.5 General exp. & log. functions
2nd Midterm
11 02/12/2007 Inverse Trig. And Hyperbolic Functions 8.1 Inverse trigonomitric functions (10%)
8.3 Hyperbolic & inv. hyp. functions
12 09/12/2007 Techniques of Integration 9.1 Integration by parts
9.2 Trigonomitric integrals
9.4 Integrals of rational functions
13 13/01/2008 Revision
 Limits
y
From left
not on the graph

lim f ( x)  L From right

xa
L

a- a + x
a

We can make f(x) as close to L by choosing x

as close to “a” but x ≠ a
 Computing limits
1-To find the limit of a continuous function:
direct substitution (with x = a) will work direct

lim x  1
2
x 3
2-Use algebraic simplification:
(factoring the numerator and denominator)
to cancel the divergent terms (if any)
then substitute direct with x = a

x 9
lim
x 9 x 3
 Some algebraic simplifications

x  a  ( x  a)( x  a)
2 2

xa   x    a    x  a  x  a 
2 2

x  a   x   a   x  a  x  a 
2 2 2

x  a  x   a   x  a x  a 
2 2 2

x 3  a 3  ( x  a)( x 2  ax  a 2 )
x 3  a 3  ( x  a)( x 2  ax  a 2 )
 Computing limits
3-If algebraic simplification cannot help,
generate a table for different values of f(x) when x  a

x f(x)
log 10 x
0.995 0.43538 lim
0.996 0.43517 x 1 x  1
0.997 0.43495 3.5

0.998 0.43473 3

0.999 0.43451 2.5

1 0.434…
2
1.001 0.43408
1.5
1.002 0.43386
1
1.003 0.43364
0.5
1.004 0.43343
1.005 0.43321 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
 Computing limits
4-In many cases the limit of a function does not exist

x f(x)
1
lim -0.05 -20 150

x0 x -0.04 -25

100
-0.03 -33.333
-0.02 -50 50

-0.01 -100
0 ∞ -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

0.01 100
-50

0.02 50
0.03 33.3333 -100

0.04 25
-150
0.05 20
 Limits
exist
lim f ( x)  L  lim f ( x)  L  lim f ( x)
x a if and only if x a x a

3  x x  1
 20

f(x)  4 x 1 18

x2  1 x  1 16

 14
12

lim f ( x )  1 10
x 1 8

lim f ( x)  1 6
x 1 4
2

lim f ( x)  1
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x 1
 Techniques to find limits

lim C  C and lim Cf ( x)  C lim f ( x) (C is a constant)

x a x a x a

if lim f ( x) and lim g ( x) exist, then

xa x a

lim  f ( x)  g ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim g ( x)

x a xa xa

lim  f ( x) g ( x)  lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

x a xa xa

 f ( x)  lim f ( x)
lim    x a
provided that lim g ( x)  0
x a g ( x) x a
  lim
x a
g ( x)
 Examples

lim (4 x  11)
x 6

3x  4
lim
x2 5 x  7

5x  2 x  1
2
lim
x 3 4x  7
3

lim (5 x  2 x  1)( x  1)
3 2
x 1
 Techniques to find limits

lim x  a
xa
n n
xa

lim  f ( x)  lim f ( x)
n
xa

n

m m
lim x n
a n
lim n
x n a
xa xa

lim n f ( x)  n lim f ( x)
xa xa

If f ( x) is a polynomial or rational function, then

lim f ( x)  f (a )
xa
 Examples
2
x 3 x 3
lim
x 8
4  16
x
lim 3x  4 x  9
3 2
x4

lim x  3x  2 x  x  4
5 4 3
x1
 The sandwich theorem
If f ( x)  h( x)  g ( x) and
lim f ( x)  L  lim g ( x) g(x)
xa xa

then lim h( x)  L y
h(x)
x a

f(x)
Example
L

21
lim x sin 2
x 0 x a
x
MATHEMATICS
MATH E01P02
 Schedule
Week Week Of General Topic Topic Notes
1 23/09/2007 Limits and continuity 1.1 Introduction to limits
1.2 Definition of limit
1.3 Techniques of finiding limits
2 30/09/2007 1.4 Limits involving infinity
1.5 Continuous functions
3 07/10/2007 The derivative 2.1 Tangent lines and rates of change
2.2 Definition of derivative
2.3 Techniques of differentiation
4 14/10/2007 1st Midterm (10%)
5 21/10/2007 2.4 Derivatives of trigonomitric functions
2.5 The chain rule
2.6 Implicit differntiation
2.7 Related rates
6 28/10/2007 2.8 Linear approximations and differentials
2.9 Newton's method
7 04/11/2007 Applications of the derivative 3.1 Extrema of functions
3.2 The mean value theorm
3.3 The first derivative test
3.4 Concavity and the derivative test
3.5 Summary of graphical methods
8 11/11/2007 3.6 Optimization problems
3.7 Velocity and acceleration
3.8 App. To ecconomic, etc.
9 18/11/2007 Integrals 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinte integrals
Change of variables in indefinite
4.2 integrals
4.3 Summation notation and area
4.4 Definite integral
4.5 Properties of definite integrals
4.6 The fundamental theorem of calculus
4.7 Numerical integration
10 25/11/2007 Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 7.1 The derivative of the inverse function
7.2 The natural logarithm function
7.3 The exponential function
Integration using natural log. & exp.
7.4 func.
7.5 General exp. & log. functions
2nd Midterm
11 02/12/2007 Inverse Trig. And Hyperbolic Functions 8.1 Inverse trigonomitric functions (10%)
8.3 Hyperbolic & inv. hyp. functions
12 09/12/2007 Techniques of Integration 9.1 Integration by parts
9.2 Trigonomitric integrals
9.4 Integrals of rational functions
13 13/01/2008 Revision
 Limits of trigonometric functions

lim cos   1 lim sin   0

 0  0

sin  1  cos 
lim 1 lim 0
 0   0 
Examples

2  1  cos  tan  sin 5

lim lim lim
 0 3  0 2  0 2
 Limits involving infinity

C ∞
lim k  0 1
x   x
lim  0
x   x
Examples:

2x  52
∞-x x ∞
lim 2
x  3 x  x  2

9x  2
2
lim
x  4x  3 -∞
 VL & HL asymptotes
HL asymptote put x  VL asymptote x=0

y  lim f ( x)
x  1
f ( x) 
VL asymptote
x
Find value of a to give:
HL asymptote y=0

lim f ( x)  
xa

Example:

1
f ( x)  2
x 4
 Continuous functions
f(x) is defined at c

f(x) is continuous at c; if: lim f ( x ) exists

x c

lim f ( x)  f (c)
x c

Examples:

f ( x)  x  2
lim ( x  2)  3  f (1)
x 1

f ( x)  x
has to be checked at x = 0
 Algebraic functions

-Polynomials are continuous functions

-Rational functions f(x)/g(x) are continuous
except values of c that makes g(c) = 0
Examples:

f ( x)  3 x 4  5 x 2  1  Polynomial of degree 4

x2 1
f ( x)  3  Find the discontinuities of f(x)
x  x2  2x
 Discontinuous functions

Three types of discontinuities:

Removable
Jump
Infinite
 Removable discontinuity

 x2  x  2
x  x2
2
at x = 1  x 1
f ( x)  f ( x)   x  1
x 1  x 1
2

We have a value at c and lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)

x c x c
 Jump & infinite discontinuities
Jump Infinite

1
f ( x) 
x at x =0 f ( x) 
x x

We do not have a value at c

lim f ( x)  
and x c

lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)
x c x c
 Continuous f(x) over [a,b]
To determine whether a function is continuous at c or not, we
test:
lim f ( x)  f (c)
x c

To test whether a function is continuous on interval [a,b] or not,

and we need to
we need to test:
check this too

lim f ( x)  f (a ) and lim f ( x)  f (b)

xa x b

Example:

f ( x)  9  x 2
Show that f(x) is continuous on [-3,3]
 Some rules
If we have f(x) and g(x) are continuous at c; so:
f+g f-g fg f / g (provided that g(c)0)
are continuous at c

Example:
9  x2  Show that f(x) is continuous on
f ( x)  4 [-3,3]
3x  5 x 2  1
If g(x) is continuous at c and f(x) is continuous at g(c); then:

f(g(x)) or (f ○ g) (x) is continuous at c

Example:

f ( x)  3x 2  7 x  12  Show that f(x) is continuous for every real

number
 Intermediate value theorem
If f(x) is continuous on [a,b] and w is any number between f(a) and f(b); then:
There is at least one number c in [a,b] such that f(c)=w

Example:
f(b)
w f(x)

f(a)

a c b
 Example
Proof that f ( x)  x 5  2 x 4  6 x 3  2 x  3
has three zeros in [-4,2]
x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Example:
f(x) -139 72 41 2 -3 -4 17

Step=1 Step=0.1
MATHEMATICS
MATH E01P02
 Schedule
Week Week Of General Topic Topic Notes
1 23/09/2007 Limits and continuity 1.1 Introduction to limits
1.2 Definition of limit
1.3 Techniques of finiding limits
2 30/09/2007 1.4 Limits involving infinity
1.5 Continuous functions
3 07/10/2007 The derivative 2.1 Tangent lines and rates of change
2.2 Definition of derivative
2.3 Techniques of differentiation
4 14/10/2007 1st Midterm (10%)
5 21/10/2007 2.4 Derivatives of trigonomitric functions
2.5 The chain rule
2.6 Implicit differntiation
2.7 Related rates
6 28/10/2007 2.8 Linear approximations and differentials
2.9 Newton's method
7 04/11/2007 Applications of the derivative 3.1 Extrema of functions
3.2 The mean value theorm
3.3 The first derivative test
3.4 Concavity and the derivative test
3.5 Summary of graphical methods
8 11/11/2007 3.6 Optimization problems
3.7 Velocity and acceleration
3.8 App. To ecconomic, etc.
9 18/11/2007 Integrals 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinte integrals
Change of variables in indefinite
4.2 integrals
4.3 Summation notation and area
4.4 Definite integral
4.5 Properties of definite integrals
4.6 The fundamental theorem of calculus
4.7 Numerical integration
10 25/11/2007 Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 7.1 The derivative of the inverse function
7.2 The natural logarithm function
7.3 The exponential function
Integration using natural log. & exp.
7.4 func.
7.5 General exp. & log. functions
2nd Midterm
11 02/12/2007 Inverse Trig. And Hyperbolic Functions 8.1 Inverse trigonomitric functions (10%)
8.3 Hyperbolic & inv. hyp. functions
12 09/12/2007 Techniques of Integration 9.1 Integration by parts
9.2 Trigonomitric integrals
9.4 Integrals of rational functions
13 13/01/2008 Revision
 Derivatives & slopes

f (b)  f (a ) y instant rate of change

m tangent line
ba
f ( x)  f (a) f(b) f(x)
m f(x)
xa

secant line
f ( x)  f (a ) average rate of change
m  lim f(a)
x a xa

a b x
f (x )  lim
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) x
h 0 h
 Illustrative example

yx 2
y  2 x
Instantaneous rate of change at x=1
2
y x1  2(1)  2
1
Instantaneous rate of change at x=4
8
y x4  2(4)  8
1

average rate of change between x=1 & x=4

f (4)  f (1) 16  1 5
m  5
4 1 3

1
 Notations of derivatives

First derivative
dy d
f ( x)  y   f ( x )  Dx f ( x )  D x y
dx dx

Second derivative
 d d 
f ( x)   f ( x)   f ( x) 
d
 f ( x)
dx dx  dx 
2
d
 Dx Dx f ( x)  Dxx f ( x)  Dx2 f ( x)  2 f ( x)
dx
 Notations of higher derivatives

order of derivative

1st 2 nd 3rd 4 th  n th
   ( 4)
f ( x) f ( x) f ( x) f ( x)  y (n)

y y y y ( 4)  y (n)

dy d2y d3y d4y dny

dx dx 2 dx 3 dx 4 dx n
Dx y Dx2 y Dx3 y Dx4 y  Dxn y
 Techniques of differentiation
d
(c )  0
dx
d
(mx  b)  m
dx
d n
( x )  nx n 1
dx
d d
(cf ( x))  c ( f ( x))
dx dx
d d d
( f ( x)  g ( x))  ( f ( x))  ( g ( x))
dx dx dx
 Techniques of differentiation
The product rule

d d d
( f ( x) g ( x))  f ( x) ( g ( x))  g ( x) ( f ( x))
dx dx dx
The quotient rule
d d
g ( x ) ( f ( x ))  f ( x ) ( g ( x ))
d  f ( x)  dx dx
  
dx  g ( x)   g ( x) 2

The reciprocal rule

d if f ( x)  1
 ( g ( x ))
d  1 
   dx
dx  g ( x)  g ( x)2
 Continuity & differentiability

If a function f(x) is differentiable at a,

then f (x) is continuous at a
The opposite is not correct

If a function f(x) is continuous at a, that

does NOT mean:
f (x) is differentiable at a
 Corner problem
Example:
f ( x)  x  1 x  0
f ( x)  
1 x0
f(x) is continuous at x = 0 because:

lim x  0
x0 lim x  0  f (0)
x0
lim x  0
x0

but f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0 because: f’(0) does not exist

lim f ( x)  1
x 0 lim f ( x ) does not exist
x 0
lim f ( x)  1
x 0
 HL tangent
To find the horizontal tangent of f(x)
Put f’(x)=0 and get values of x = a1,a2,…
The HL tangents equations: y = f(a1), y=f(a2), …

Example:
f ( x)  3x 2  12 x  8
1- f ( x)  6 x  12 So: y = -4

2- put f ( x)  0 get x  2 is the HL tangent of the curve

3- y  f (2)  3(2) 2  12(2)  8  4

Try this:
HL tangent
find equations of HL tangents for this function:
f (x)=x3-2x2+1, then sketch its graph
 VL tangent
f(x) has a vertical tangent at x = a if:
Example: • f(x) is continuous at x = a and
f ( x)  x
at x = 0 • lim f ( x)  
xa

1- It is clear that f(x) is

continuous at x = 0 because:
lim f ( x)  f (0)  0
x 0

1
2- f ( x) 
2 x
3- To make f’(x) =  we have
to make x  0

Therefore x = 0 is a VL tangent
VL tangent
 Sharp peak or cusp
f(x) has a sharp peak at x = a if: f(x) is continuous at x = a and

• f’(x)+ as xa from one side +∞

• f’(x)- as xa from the other side

Example: f ( x)  1  x
2
3 at x = 0
Sharp peak
1- f(x) is continuous at x = 0
lim f ( x)  f (0)  1
x 0
2 1
2- f ( x)  x 3
3
3- lim f ( x)   and lim f ( x)  
 
x 0 x 0

Therefore f(x) has a sharp peak at x = 0

-∞
 Continuity & differentiability

If a function f(x) is differentiable at a,

then f (x) is continuous at a
The opposite is not correct

If a function f(x) is continuous at a, that

does NOT mean:
f (x) is differentiable at a
 Corner problem
Example:
f ( x)  x  1 x  0
f ( x)  
1 x0
f(x) is continuous at x = 0 because:

lim x  0
x0 lim x  0  f (0)
x0
lim x  0
x0

but f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0 because: f’(0) does not exist

lim f ( x)  1
x 0 lim f ( x ) does not exist
x 0
lim f ( x)  1
x 0
 HL tangent
To find the horizontal tangent of f(x)
Put f’(x)=0 and get values of x = a1,a2,…
The HL tangents equations: y = f(a1), y=f(a2), …

Example:
f ( x)  3x 2  12 x  8
1- f ( x)  6 x  12 So: y = -4

2- put f ( x)  0 get x  2 is the HL tangent of the curve

3- y  f (2)  3(2) 2  12(2)  8  4

Try this:
HL tangent
find equations of HL tangents for this function:
f (x)=x3-2x2+1, then sketch its graph
 VL tangent
f(x) has a vertical tangent at x = a if:
Example: • f(x) is continuous at x = a and
f ( x)  x
• lim f ( x)  
at x = 0 xa

1- It is clear that f(x) is

continuous at x = 0 because:
lim f ( x)  f (0)  0
x 0
1
2- f ( x) 
2 x
3- To make f’(x) =  we have
to make x  0

Therefore x = 0 is a VL tangent
VL tangent
 Sharp peak or cusp
f(x) has a sharp peak at x = a if: f(x) is continuous at x = a and

• f’(x)+ as xa from one side +∞

• f’(x)- as xa from the other side

Example: f ( x)  1  x
2
3 at x = 0
Sharp peak
1- f(x) is continuous at x = 0
lim f ( x)  f (0)  1
x 0
2 1
2- f ( x)  x 3
3
3- lim f ( x)   and lim f ( x)  
 
x 0 x 0

Therefore f(x) has a sharp peak at x = 0

-∞