Unit - I DBMS

Database Management Systems
UNIT-1
• Understanding the DBMS basic concepts
• Know the Applications of DBMS.
• To know the Database Designing for the real time

Objectives:
applications
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CS201-DBMS Dept of CSE
UNIT-1
• Students will able to know the DBMS concepts and their

importance.
• Students will able to design the databases for any real time
Outcomes::
applications.
• Students will the constraints to be considered while

designing the databases
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UNIT-1
1. Introduction to Database Systems

2. File System
3. Advantages of DBMS
4. DBA, Designers and End users
Topics:: 5. Data Models
• Relational Model
• Entity-Relationship Model
• Hierarchical Model
• Network Model
• Object-Oriented Model
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Contents
6. Levels of Abstraction or Three-Schema architecture

7. DBMS architecture
8. Classification Of Database Management Systems

Topics:
9. centralized and client/server architectures for dbms
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data
• A data mean known facts or raw facts that can be recorded
and that have implicit meaning.
Topic 1
• For example, consider the names, telephone, numbers, and
Introduction to addresses of the people you know. You may have recorded
Database
Systems this data in an indexed address book, you may have stored it
on a hard drive, using a personal computer and software such
as Microsoft Access, or Excel.
• Information: Processed data.
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Database
• Database is a large collection of related data that
Topic 1 can be stored generally describes activities of an
Introduction to organization.
Database Systems
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Database Properties
•
It is used to store data of an organization.
•
A database is designed and developed for a specific purpose.
Topic 1
•
It has some source from which data is derived and it is
populated with that data.
Introduction to • It can be of any size
Database Systems
• It allows multiple users to share and access database at the
same time.
Eg: - University database which includes students, faculty,
courses & class rooms information along with activities such
as enrolment and teaching courses.
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Database Management System
• A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of

Topic 1 programs (software) for defining, creating, manipulating
and maintaining a database.
Introduction to
Database Systems
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Database Management System
• The DBMS is a general-purpose software package that

Topic 1 facilitates the processes of defining, constructing,
manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and
Introduction to
Database Systems applications.
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Actions of DBMS
• Defining a database involves specifying the data types,

Topic 1 structures, and constraints for the data to be stored in the
database
Introduction to • Manipulating a database includes functions such as querying
Database Systems
the database to retrieve specific data, updating the database
to reflect changes,, and generating reports from the data
• Constructing the database is the process of storing the data

itself on some storage medium that is controlled by the
DBMS.
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Actions of DBMS
• Sharing a database allows multiple users and programs

Topic 1 to access the database concurrently
Introduction to
Database Systems
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Simplified database system
environment
Topic 1
Introduction to
Database Systems
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Database Applications
• Banking: all transactions

Topic 1 • Airlines: reservations, schedules
Introduction to • Sales: customers, products, purchases

Database Systems • Online retailers: order tracking, customized
recommendations
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Database Applications:
• Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders,

supply chain
Topic 1 • Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
Introduction to • Universities: registration, grades
Database Systems
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File System
• Before the evolution of DBMS, File Systems are used

Topic 2 to store and manage the data.
• In File System data will be stored in individual files.

File System
• A File is a collection of data.
• Files are typically designed to meet needs of a

particular department or user group.
• Files are also typically designed to be part of a

particular computer application
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File processing processing system
• In the file processing approach, each department

Topic 2 would "own" a collection of relevant data and software
applications to manipulate that data.
File System
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Drawbacks of File System
1. Data Redundancy and Inconsistency

Topic 2 2. Difficulty in accessing data
3. Data isolation
File System
4. Enforcing Integrity constraints
5. Atomicity problems
6. Difficulty in concurrency control
7. Security Problems
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Cont ...
• Data isolation: The data is scattered in different files

and with different formats. So it is difficult to write
Topic 2
application programs to retrieve the data.
File System
• Enforcing Integrity constraints: Data integrity
means, all the data has to obey some condition. In File
System integrity constraints are set at program level.
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Cont ...
Data Redundancy and Inconsistency:
• Data redundancy means appearing same data in different

Topic 2
places.
File System • In file system same information is stored at different places
it causes data-inconsistency problems during updates.
Difficulty in accessing data:
• In order to retrieve data from files we need to write special

application program every time.
• This is not a convenient way because every time the

requirements may change need to write a new program to
carry out each new task
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Cont ...
Atomicity problems:
Topic 2 • Atomicity is a property of a transaction it states that either

all actions to be performed or none.
• In file processing system incomplete transactions cannot

File System
roll back. Due this data will be inconsistent.
Difficulty in concurrency control:
• concurrency means same file is updated by different

application programs at the same time.
• In File Processing System it is not possible to handle

concurrency because of that we can get inconsistent data
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Cont ...
Security Problems:
Topic 2 • Since the information is scattered in different files and

does not have centralized access path, so it is not
File System possible to provide security to the data so that everyone

can access the data.
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Advantages of DBMS
1. Controlling Redundancy
Topic 3 2. Data Consistency
3. Data Security
Advantages of 4. Providing Storage Structures for Efficient Query
DBMS
Processing
5. Providing Backup and Recovery
6. Providing concurrency control
7. Enforcing Integrity constraints
8. Report Writers
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Controlling Redundancy
• In non-database systems (traditional computer file
Topic 3 processing), same data is stored in many places.
• Redundancy leads to several problems 1.duplication effort:

same data can be entered multiple times 2. Storage space is
Advantages of
DBMS wasted. 3. Data inconsistency.
• In DBMS, all the data of an organization is integrated into a

single database.
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Data Consistency:
• By controlling the data redundancy, the data
Topic 3 consistency is obtained.
• If a data item appears only once, any update to its value

has to be performed only once and the updated value
Advantages of
DBMS (new value of item) is immediately available to all
users.
• If the DBMS has reduced redundancy to a minimum

level, the database system enforces consistency.
• It means that when a data item appears more than once

in the database and is updated, the DBMS automatically
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Data Security
• Data security is the protection of the database from
Topic 3 unauthorized users.
• Only the authorized persons are allowed to access the

database.
Advantages of
DBMS • Some of the users may be allowed to access only a part
of database i.e., the data that is related to them or
related to their department.
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Data Security
• Some users may be permitted only to retrieve data,
whereas others are allowed to retrieve as well as to
Topic 3 update data.
• The database access is controlled by the DBA.
• He creates the accounts of users and gives rights to
Advantages of access the database.
DBMS • Typically, users or group of users are given usernames
protected by passwords.
• Most of the DBMSs provide the security sub-system,
which the DBA uses to create accounts of users and to
specify account restrictions.
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Providing Storage Structures for Efficient Query
Processing
• Database systems must provide capabilities to execute
Topic 3 queries and updates efficiently
• Because the database is typically stored on disk, the

DBMS must provide specialized data structures to speed
Advantages of
DBMS up disk search for the desired records.
• Auxiliary files called indexes are used for this purpose.

Indexes are typically based on tree data structures or hash
data structures.
• DBMS supports file manager to manage the allocation of

disk space for the DBMS files.
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Providing Backup and Recovery
• Most of the DBMSs provide the 'backup and recovery'

sub-systems that automatically create the backup of data
Topic 3 and restore data if required.
• For example, if the computer system fails in the middle
(or end) of an update operation of the program, the
Advantages of recovery sub-system is responsible for making sure that
DBMS the database is restored to the state it was in before the
program started executing.
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Providing concurrency control
• DBMS will support concurrency control tools for
Topic 3 permitting multiple users or application programs to

access the database concurrently, while preserving the
consistency of database.
Advantages of
DBMS
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Enforcing Integrity constraints
• Integrity constraints can be applied to database so that
Topic 3 correct data can be entered in to database.
Ex: 1. minimum balance of a account is 1000
Advantages of 2. Max marks of a subject is 100

DBMS
• Most database applications have certain integrity
constraints that must hold for the data.
• A DBMS should provide capabilities for defining and

enforcing these constraints.
• The simplest type of integrity constraint involves

specifying a data type for each data item.
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Report Writers
• Most of the DBMSs provide the report writer tools used

to create reports. The users can create reports very easily
Topic 3 and quickly.
• Once a report is created, it can be used many times and it
can be modified very easily.
Advantages of • The created reports are also saved along with database
DBMS and behave like a software component.
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Actors of DBMS
Topic 4
DBA, Designers
and End users
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Database Administrator(DBA)
• The database administrator is a person having central
Topic 4 control over data and programs accessing the data.
• DBA coordinates all the activities of the database system

Database
Administrator • They are the users who are most familiar with the database
and are responsible for creating, modifying, and
maintaining its three levels.
• Database Administrator is responsible to manage the

DBMS’s use and ensure that the database is functioning.
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Responsibilities of DBA
1. Installing and upgrading the database server and

application tools
Topic 4
2. Allocating system storage and planning future
storage requirements for the database system
DBA
3. Modifying the database structure, as necessary,
from information given by application developers
4. Enrolling users and maintaining system security
5. Ensuring compliance with database vendor license

agreement.
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Responsibilities of DBA
7) Monitoring and optimizing the performance of the
Topic 4 database
8) Planning for backup and recovery of database

information
Responsibilities
of DBA 9) Maintaining archived data
10) Backing up and restoring databases
11) Contacting database vendor for technical support
12) Generating various reports by querying from database

as per need
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Database Designers
• Database designers are responsible for identifying the

data to be stored in the database and for choosing
Topic 4
appropriate structures to represent and store this data.
• These tasks are mostly undertaken before the database is
Database Designers actually implemented and populated with It is the
responsibility of database designers to communicate with
all prospective database users in order to understand their
requirements, and to come up with a design that meets
these requirements.
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Database Designers
• In many cases, the designers are on the staff of the DBA

and may be assigned other staff responsibilities after the
Topic 4
database design is completed.
• Database designers typically interact with each potential
Database Designers group of users and develop views of the database that
meet the data and processing requirements of these
groups.
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End Users
• End users are the people whose jobs require access to

the database for querying, updating, and generating
Topic 4
reports; the database primarily exists for their use.
• There are several categories of end users:

End Users
• Casual end users
• Naive or parametric end users
• Sophisticated end users
• Stand-alone users
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Casual end users
• Casual end users occasionally access the database,

Topic 4
but they may need different information each
time.
End Users
• They use a sophisticated database query language
to specify their requests and are typically middle-
or high-level managers or other occasional
browsers.
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Naive or parametric end users
• Naive or parametric end users make up a sizable portion of

database end users.
Topic 4 • Their main job function is querying and updating the
database, using standard types of queries and updates-called
canned transactions-that have been carefully programmed
and tested.
End Users
• The tasks that such users perform are varied:
• Bank tellers check account balances and post withdrawals
and deposits.
• Reservation clerks fur airlines, hotels, and car rental
companies check availability for a given request and make
reservations
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Sophisticated end users
• Sophisticated end users include engineers, scientists, business
Topic 4 analysts, and others who thoroughly familiarize themselves with

the facilities of the DBMS so as to implement their applications to
meet their complex requirements.
End Users Stand-alone users:
• Stand-alone users maintain personal databases by using ready-made

program packages that provide easy-to-use menu-based or
graphics-based interfaces.
• An example is the user of a tax package that stores a variety of

personal financial data for tax purposes.
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Data Models
• A data model is a collection of concepts that can be used to

describe the structure of a database.
Topic 5 • Structure of a database; mean the data types, relationships,
and constraints that should hold for the data. Most data
models also include a set of basic operations for specifying
Data Models
retrievals and updates on the database.
Types of Data Models
• Relational Model
• Entity-Relationship Model
• Hierarchical Model
• Network Model
• Object-Oriented Model
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Relational Model
• Most commonly used model is the relational model.
• In this model data is organized as two-dimensional tables.
Topic 5 • Each table is called relation.
• The relational model uses a collection of tables to represent
Types of Data both data and the relationships among those data. Each table
Models has multiple columns, and each column has a unique name.
• The relational model is implemented in database where a
relation is represented by a table, a tuple is represented by a
row, and an attribute is represented by a column of the table.
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Entity-Relationship Model
• Entity-Relationship model is based on the notion of real
world entities and relationship among them.
Topic 5 • ER Model is best used for the conceptual design of
database.
Types of Data • ER Model is based on:
Models • Entities and their attributes
• Relationships among entities
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Entity-Relationship Model
Entity
• An entity in ER Model is real world entity, which has some
Topic 5 properties called attributes. Every attribute is defined by its set of
values, called domain.
• For example, in a school database, a student is considered as an
Types of Data entity. Student has various attributes like name, age and class etc.
Models
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Hierarchical Model
• A hierarchical data model is a data model which the data is
organized into a tree like structure.
Topic 5 • First commercial DBMS is based on this model.
• In Hierarchical model data is represented as records and the
Types of Data records organized as collection of trees.
Models • The relationships among the data are represented by links,
which can be viewed as pointers.
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Network Model
Network Model
• In Network model data is represented as records and the
Topic 5 records organized as collection of arbitrary graphs.
• The relationships among the data are represented by links,
Types of Data which can be viewed as pointers.
Models • In network model a record can have any number of parent
records.
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Schemas, Instances, and Database
State
• Database Schema refers to the overall structure of a database.
• The description of a database is called the database schema, which is
Sub topic 5 specified during database design and is not expected to change
frequently
Schema Diagram:
Schema Student
Course
Teacher
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Instance:
• The data in the database at a particular moment in time

is called instance or database state.
subTopic 5 • The distinction between database schema and
database state is very important.
Database state:
instance • At any point in time, the database has a current state.
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Levels of Abstraction or Three-Schema
architecture:
Topic 6
Three-Schema
architecture
3-Schema
Architecture
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Internal level or internal schema:
• The internal schema uses a physical data model and
describes the complete details of data storage and
Topic 6 access paths for the database.
• It tells us what data is stored in the database and how.
At least the following aspects are considered at this
Three-Schema
level:
architecture
• Storage allocation: B-trees, hashing etc.
• Access paths: specification of primary and secondary
keys, indexes and pointers and sequencing..
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Conceptual level or conceptual schema
• The conceptual level has a conceptual schema, which

describes the structure of the whole database for a
Topic 6 community of users.
• The conceptual schema hides the details of physical
storage structures and concentrates on describing
Three-Schema
entities, data types, relationships, user operations,
architecture
and constraints.
• Usually, a representational data model is used to
describe the conceptual schema when a database
system is implemented.
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External level or External View:
External level or External View:

• The external or view level includes a number of external
Topic 6 schemas or user views.
• The external level is the view that the individual user of
the database has.
Three-Schema
architecture • Each external schema describes the part of the database
that a particular user group is interested in and hides the
rest of the database from that user group.
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Data Independence
• Data independence can be defined as the capacity to

change the schema at one level of a database system
6
Topic
without having to change the schema at the next higher
level.
Three-Schema • We can define two types of data independence:

architecture 1 Physical data independence
2. Logical data independence
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Physical data independence:
• Physical data independence is the capacity to change the

Topic 6 internal schema without having to change the conceptual
schema.
Three-Schema
architecture • Hence, the external schemas need not be changed as well.
• Changes to the internal schema may be needed because
some physical files had to be reorganized-for example, by
creating additional access structures-to improve the
performance of retrieval or update.
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Logical data independence:
• Logical data independence is the capacity to

Topic 6 change the conceptual schema without having to
Three-Schema change external schema or application programs.
architecture
• We may change the conceptual schema to expand
the database (by adding a record type or data
item), to change constraints, or to reduce the
database (by removing a record type or data item).
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DBMS architecture
The Functional components of a database system can be
Topic 7 divided in to
• Query Processor Components
• Storage Manager Components

DBMS architecture
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Architecture Diagram
Topic 7
DBMS
architecture
Dbms Architecture
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Query Processor Components
The Query Processor Components include:
DDL interpreter:
Topic 7 • It interprets DDL statements and converts them in to a set
tables which are saved in the data dictionary
DBMS architecture DML compiler:
• It translates DML statements into low-level instructions
that are understood by the Query Evaluation Engine.
• It also optimizes the DML Queries for efficient execution
by the Query Evaluation Engine.
Query evaluation engine:
• It executes low-level instructions generated by the DML
compiler and produces results.
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Storage Manager Components
• These components provide the interface between the low-

level data stored in the database and the Query Processor.
Topic 7
• The storage manager components include:
DBMS architecture Authorization and integrity manager:
• It tests for the satisfaction of integrity constraints and checks

the authority of users to access data.
Transaction manager:
• This component ensures that concurrent transactions proceed
without conflict and the database remains in a consistent
(correct) state despite system failures.
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Storage Manager Components
File manager:
Topic 7 • It manages the allocation of disk-space for the
DBMS architecture
storage of DBMS files.
Buffer manager:
• It is responsible for fetching data from disk storage
into main memory buffers for processing, and then
writing the updated data back onto the disk.
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Data Components
Data files:
• Which store the database itself.
Topic 7 Data dictionary:
• It is a metadata file, which stores the database schema. It
DBMS architecture stores metadata about the structure of the database.
Indices:
• It can provide fast access to data items. Like the index in
this textbook, a database index provides pointers to those
data items that hold a particular value.
Statistical data:
• It stores the statistical information about processing of
previous queries. This information is used by the Query
Processor to optimize the queries.
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CLASSIFICATION OF DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Several criteria are normally used to classify DBMSs are
1. Based on data model
Topic 8 2. No of users supported by the System
3. Number of sites over which the database is distributed
CLASSIFICATION 4. Cost
OF DATABASE
MANAGEMENT 5. Types of access path options
SYSTEMS 6. Based on purpose
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1.Based on Data Model:
• The main data model used in many current

commercial DBMSs is the relational data model.
Topic 8 • The object data model was implemented in some
commercial systems but has not had widespread use.
CLASSIFICATION
• Many legacy (older) applications still run on database
OF DATABASE systems based on the hierarchical and network data
MANAGEMENT models.
SYSTEMS • We can hence categorize DBMSs based on the data
model: relational, object, relational, hierarchical,
network, and other.
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2.No of users supported by the System::
Multi-user vs. single-user

• Single-user systems support only one user at a time and are
Topic 8 mostly used with Personal computers.
• Multiuser systems, support multiple users concurrently.
CLASSIFICATION
OF DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
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3. Number of sites over which the database is
distributed
Centralized vs. distributed
• A DBMS is centralized if the data is stored at a single computer
Topic 8 site. A centralized DBMS can support multiple users, but the
DBMS and the database themselves reside totally at a single
computer site.
CLASSIFICATION
OF DATABASE
• A distributed DBMS (DDBMS) can have the actual database
MANAGEMENT
and DBMS software distributed over many sites, connected by a
SYSTEMS computer network.
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4. Cost
• The majority of DBMS packages cost between $10,000 and

$100,000.
Topic 8
• Single-user low-end systems that work with micro computers cost
CLASSIFICATION between $100 and $3000. At the other end of the scale, a few elaborate
OF DATABASE packages cost more than $100,000.
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
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5. Access path
• We can also classify a DBMS on the basis of the types of

access path options for storing files. One well-known family
Topic 8
of DBMSs is based on inverted file structures.
CLASSIFICATION
OF DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
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6. General-purpose vs. special-purpose
• A DBMS can be general purpose or special purpose. When

performance is a primary
Topic 8
• Consideration, a special-purpose DBMS can be designed
CLASSIFICATION OF
DATABASE and built for a specific application such a system cannot be
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
used for other applications without major changes.
• Many airline reservations and telephone directory systems

developed in the past are special purpose DBMSs.
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centralized and client/server
architectures for dbms
3-tier Architecture:
• A 3-tier architecture separates its tiers from

each other based on the complexity of the
users and how they use the data present in the
database. It is the most widely used
architecture to design a DBMS.
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• Database (Data) Tier − At this tier, the database
resides along with its query processing languages. We
also have the relations that define the data and their
constraints at this level.
• Application (Middle) Tier − At this tier reside the
application server and the programs that access the
database. For a user, this application tier presents an
abstracted view of the database. End-users are unaware
of any existence of the database beyond the
application. At the other end, the database tier is not
aware of any other user beyond the application tier.
Hence, the application layer sits in the middle and acts
as a mediator between the end-user and the database.
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• User (Presentation) Tier − End-users operate on this

tier and they know nothing about any existence of the
database beyond this layer. At this layer, multiple
views of the database can be provided by the
application. All views are generated by applications
that reside in the application tier.
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Assignment Questions:
• Discuss various disadvantages in the file system and explain

how it can be overcome by the database system
• Explain the advantages of DBMS? What is DBA and

describe the responsibilities of DBA?
• Consider your own assumptions and draw an ER model for

“University Database”
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THANK YOU
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Unit - I DBMS

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Unit - I DBMS

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Database Management Systems

• Understanding the DBMS basic concepts

• Know the Applications of DBMS.

• To know the Database Designing for the real time

• Students will able to know the DBMS concepts and their

• Students will the constraints to be considered while

1. Introduction to Database Systems

6. Levels of Abstraction or Three-Schema architecture

8. Classification Of Database Management Systems

• Information: Processed data.

• A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of

• The DBMS is a general-purpose software package that

• Defining a database involves specifying the data types,

• Constructing the database is the process of storing the data

• Sharing a database allows multiple users and programs

• Banking: all transactions

Introduction to • Sales: customers, products, purchases

• Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders,

• Before the evolution of DBMS, File Systems are used

• In File System data will be stored in individual files.

• Files are typically designed to meet needs of a

• Files are also typically designed to be part of a

• In the file processing approach, each department

1. Data Redundancy and Inconsistency

6. Difficulty in concurrency control

• Data isolation: The data is scattered in different files

• Data redundancy means appearing same data in different

Difficulty in accessing data:

• In order to retrieve data from files we need to write special

• This is not a convenient way because every time the

Topic 2 • Atomicity is a property of a transaction it states that either

• In file processing system incomplete transactions cannot

Difficulty in concurrency control:

• concurrency means same file is updated by different

• In File Processing System it is not possible to handle

Topic 2 • Since the information is scattered in different files and

File System possible to provide security to the data so that everyone

Topic 3 2. Data Consistency

5. Providing Backup and Recovery

6. Providing concurrency control

7. Enforcing Integrity constraints

• In non-database systems (traditional computer file

Topic 3 processing), same data is stored in many places.

• Redundancy leads to several problems 1.duplication effort:

• In DBMS, all the data of an organization is integrated into a

• By controlling the data redundancy, the data

Topic 3 consistency is obtained.

• If a data item appears only once, any update to its value

• If the DBMS has reduced redundancy to a minimum

• It means that when a data item appears more than once

• Data security is the protection of the database from

Topic 3 unauthorized users.

• Only the authorized persons are allowed to access the

• Database systems must provide capabilities to execute

Topic 3 queries and updates efficiently

• Because the database is typically stored on disk, the

• Auxiliary files called indexes are used for this purpose.

• DBMS supports file manager to manage the allocation of

• Most of the DBMSs provide the 'backup and recovery'

• DBMS will support concurrency control tools for

Topic 3 permitting multiple users or application programs to

• Integrity constraints can be applied to database so that