CHAPTER 9: EARTH

9.1 THE SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE OF THE

EARTH
• THE EARTH SYSTEM OF FOUR MAIN COMPONENTS:
ATMOSPHERE,BIOSPHERE,HYDROSPHERE AND
GEOSPHERE.
 ATMOSPHERE
• AIR ZONE COVERING EARTHS
SURFACE.
• CONSISTS OF FOUR MAIN LAYERS
:THERMOSPHERE, MESOSPHERE,
STRATOSPHERE AND TROPOSPHERE
 ATMOSPHERIC
STRATIFICATION
 BIOSPHERE
• LIFE ZONE CONSISTS OF A VARIETY
OF LIFE.(HUMANS ,ANIMALS , PLANTS
& MICROORGANISMS)
• THIS LAYER RANGES FROM HEIGHTS OF UP TO TEN
KILOMETRES ABOVE SEA LEVEL, USED BY SOME
BIRDS IN FLIGHT, TO DEPTHS OF THE OCEAN.
 HYDROSPHERE
• A HYDROSPHERE IS THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF WATER
ON A PLANET.
• INCLUDES RIVERS,SEAS,LAKES AND ALSO
ICE,UNDERGROUND WATER AND WATER VAPOUR.
• THE HYDROSPHERE CAN BE LIQUID/VAPOUR/ ICE.
• IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED
THAT THERE ARE
1,386 MILLION CUBIC
KILOMETER OF WATER ON
EARTH.
• THE TOTAL MASS OF EARTH'S HYDROSPHERE IS ABOUT
1.4 × 1018 TONNES, WHICH IS ABOUT 0.023% OF
EARTH'S TOTAL MASS.
• AT ANY GIVEN TIME, ABOUT 20 × 1012 TONNES OF
THIS IS IN THE FORM OF WATER VAPOR IN THE EARTH'S
ATMOSPHERE.
 GEOSPHERE
• ROCK AND SOIL ZONE ON EARTH’S SURFACE(ROCKS,
MINERALS, MOLTEN ROCK, SAND, AND MOUNTAINS.)
• AVERAGE DISTANCE THROUGH THE CENTER OF
EARTH TO THE OTHER SIDE =12,756KM
• INNER AGENTS : VOLCANOES , EARTHQUAKE,
TECTONIC MOVEMENTS
- OUTER AGENTS : WIND, WATER
■ JUST 8 ELEMENTS ACCOUNT FOR 98% OF EARTH’S
MASS.
• SALMA
• CHEE SUE-ANNE
• LEE DARYNN
• AMELY LIEW ZHO WEI
• FOO YI HSIEN
• CHEW JIA XIN
• GOH SZE NING