Group Members:

Mohsin Raza

Rohail Afzal

Farhan Zafar

Mehran Ahmed

Mohsin Ali Khawar

PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
 INTRODUCTION
Pressure

Pressure= Force/Area
 Types of Pressure

Absolute Pressure
The absolute pressure is measured relative to the
absolute zero pressure - the pressure that would
occur at absolute vacuum.

Gauge Pressure :
A gauge is often used to measure the pressure
difference between a system and the surrounding
atmosphere. This pressure is often called the gauge
pressure

Gauge pressure is measured from atmospheric and absolute

is measured from 0 .They both use the same scale for
measuring
Pgauge = Pabs – Patm
Vacuum Pressure
Pressure less than atmospheric
pressure that is measured relative to
atmospheric pressure.

Pvac = Patm – Pabs

 Differential Pressure Sensor

 This sensor measures the difference between two pressures,

one connected to each side of the sensor. Differential
pressure sensors are used to measure many properties, such
as pressure drops across oil filters or air filters, fluid levels
(by comparing the pressure above and below the liquid) or
flow rates (by measuring the change in pressure across a
restriction). Most pressure sensors are really differential
pressure sensors; for example a gauge pressure sensor is
merely a differential pressure sensor in which one side is
open to the ambient atmosphere.
 Sealed pressure sensor

 This sensor is similar to a gauge pressure

sensor except that it measures pressure
relative to some fixed pressure rather than
the ambient atmospheric pressure (which
varies according to the location and the
weather).
 Pressure-sensing technology
Pressure Measurement Devices

Piezoresistive

Manometer

Bourdon Gauge

Barometer

McLeod Gauge
Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor
Working.
 Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor

 Principles:
1. ∆Pressure = ∆Charge = ∆Resistance = ∆Volta

 Applications:
1. Very accurate for small pressure differentials e.g.
Difference between indoor and outdoor pressure
ROHAIL AFZAL
ME-113050
 Manometer

 Hydrostatic Pressure

 Manometer measures a pressure difference by

balancing the weight of a fluid column between the
two pressures of interest.
FARHAN ZAFAR
ME-113081
In 1849 the Bourdon tube pressure gauge
was patented in France by Eugene Bourdon.
 Bourdon Gauge

A Bourdon gauge uses a coiled tube, which, as

it expands due to pressure increase, causes a
rotation of an arm connected to the tube.
Bourdon Gauge

 Principle:
 Change in curvature of the tube is proportional to
difference of pressure inside from that outside the
tube
 Bourdon Gauge
Advantages:
 These pressure gauges give accurate results.
 They costs low.
 They are simple in construction.
 Accuracy is high.
Disadvantages:
 They respond slowly to change in pressure.
 They are subjected to hysteresis.
 Applications:
Tire pressure, pressure at the top or along the walls
of tanks or vessels.

 Limitations:
The Bourdon gauge indicates Gauge pressure,
not absolute pressure
MOHSIN ALI KHAWAR
ME-113097
McLeod Gauge
 This form of vacuum gauge was invented
in 1874 By H. G. McLeod

 It can measure pressures of the order of

1.35 Pa to 1.35E-5 Pa

 Applications:

1. Used to measure vacuum pressure

 A known volume of gas (with low pressure) is
compressed to a smaller volume (with high
pressure), and using the resulting volume and
pressure (measured by Manometer), the initial
pressure can be calculated.
 (P1)(V1)=(P2)(V2)

 P1 = Pressure of gas at initial condition

P2 = Pressure of gas at final condition.
V1 = Volume of gas at initial Condition.
V2 = Volume of gas at final Condition
 It is independent of the gas composition.

 It serves as a reference standard to calibrate other low

pressure gauges.

 A linear relationship exists between the applied pressure

and height (h).

 There is no need to apply corrections to the McLeod

Gauge readings.

 Good Accuracy.
 The gas whose pressure is to be measured should obey
the Boyle’s law

 Moisture traps (usually liquid Nitrogen) must be

provided to avoid any considerable vapor into the gauge.

 It measure only on a sampling basis.

 It cannot give a continuous output.

MEHRAN AHMED
ME-113063
 Barometer

A barometer is a scientific
instrument used in meteorology to
measure atmospheric pressure
 Types Of Barometer

Vacuum
Water based Mercury Aneroid
pump oil Barographs
barometer barometer barometer
barometer
Mercury barometer
 The mercury barometer works by balancing the weight of mercury
in the glass tube against the atmospheric pressure.

 If atmospheric pressure is low or high than weight of mercury, then

mercury falls or rises respectively.

 This rise and fall of mercury is adjusted according to the scale.

Aneroid Barometers
The aneroid barometer is operated by a series of metallic
cells joined together.

Increase or decrease in air pressure causes the cells to

contract or expand respectively.

This expansion or contraction of the cells is displayed by the

movement of needle on the scale
Barographs
Barographs uses one or more aneroid cells to drive a recording
arm that has at its extreme end either a scribe or a pen.

The variation in pressure is recorded graphically on the paper.

The recording material is mounted on a cylindrical drum which is

rotated slowly. Commonly, the drum makes one revolution per
day, per week, or per month and the rotation rate can be selected
by the user.
Water based barometer
The weather ball barometer consists of a glass container with a sealed
body, half filled with water.

A narrow spout connects to the body below the water level and rises
above the water level.

The narrow spout is open to the atmosphere. When the air pressure is
lower than it was at the time the body was sealed, the water level in the
spout will rise above the water level in the body; when the air pressure is
higher, the water level in the spout will drop below the water level in the
body.