Principles of Directing

. Harmony of objectives
• Unity of direction or command
• Direct supervision
• Effective communication
• Effective control
• Efficiency
• Follow through
Elements of Directing
 Meaning/Definition

Leadership is the ability to

influence others to seek defined
objectives enthusiastically. It is
the human factor which binds a
group together & motivates it
towards goal
 NATURE OF MOTIVATION:
Individuals differ in their motives
Individual himself is unaware of his motive
Motives change
Motives are expressed differently
Motives are complex
Multiple motives make the choice of goals
difficult for an individual
 Motivational Theories
Content Theories
What motives an individual they throw light on
various needs & incentives which cause
behaviour.
Process Theories
How behaviour is caused
Reinforcement theories
Which behaviour is learned, shaped or modified
 Motivation Theories classification
Content Theories
i. Maslow’s need Hierarchy theory
ii. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
iii. Herzberg’s Two factor Theory
iv. McClelland’s Achievement Theory
Process Theories
i. Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
ii. Adam’s Equity Theory
Reinforcement Theory
i. Skinner’s Behaviour Modification Theory
 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
• The Two factor theory states that there are
certain factors in the work place that cause
job satisfaction, while separate set of factors
cause dissatisfaction.
• The above theory deals with certain reasons
for job
(i) Satisfaction
(ii) Dissatisfaction
 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
• Herzberg’s theory stated that the factors
which made people satisfied are Motivating
factors.
• The factors which made people dissatisfied
are called Hygiene factor
Communication
 Communication
Meaning
• It is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinion or
emotional by two or more person
• The process of passing information &
understanding from one person to another
 Purposes of Communication
i. It is needed in Recruitment process
ii. The area of orientation
iii. To enable employees to perform their
function effectively
iv. It is needed to Acquaint the subordinates
with Evaluation of their contribution
v. Need to teach employees about personal
safety
 Purposes of Communication
vi. In projecting image of an Enterprise
vii. It helps the manager in his Decision process
viii. It helps in
ix. It is an effective way to build support for
Change
x. It increases Managerial Efficiency