The Pharyngeal Apparatus

– face, nasal cavities, mouth

陳建榮
http://web.nchu.edu.tw/~chenjr/index.htm
4 pairs pharyngeal arches
Pharyngeal arch: component

arch
groove

Neural crest cell  mesenchyme in the head and neck

Day 32

Day 33

Day 41
1st pharyngeal arch
-Maxillary prominence
-Maxillary, zygomatid, squamous part of temporal bone
-Mandibular prominence
-Madibular bone
Aortic arch
Pharyngeal arch cartilage
Cartilaginous rod
Muscular component
Nerve:
special visceral afferent nerves of cranial nerves
Pharyngeal pouch咽囊

耳咽隱窩

pharynx
5 wk 6 wk
終咽體
Pharyngeal pouch 7 wk
Pharyngotympanic tube

Palatine tonsil

Tubotympanic recess Superior parathyroid gland

-Pharyngotympanic tube
-Auditory tube Inferior parathyroid gland
-Tympanic cavity
-Mastoid antrum
Thymus
Ultimopharyngeal body
終咽體
Pharyngeal groove:
-1st pharyngeal groove  external acoustic meatus
-2nd pharyngeal groove  cervical sinus
--> external branchial sinus外鰓竇or brachial fistula鰓瘻管

Pharyngeal membrane:
-1st pharyngeal membrane  tympanic membrane
Branchial fistulas鰓瘻管
Branchial fistulas鰓瘻管

內鰓竇

外鰓竇
Branchial fistulas鰓瘻管
Branchial cyst鰓囊腫
Branchial fistulas鰓瘻管
Branchial vestiges鰓遺跡
Development of the thyroid gland
4 wk
甲狀腺憩室

5 wk
甲狀腺舌管
6 wk

adult
Thyroglossal duct cyst甲狀腺舌管囊腫:
Anomalies during descent of the developing thyroid gland
Thyroglossal duct cyst甲狀腺舌管囊腫
Ectopic thyroid gland 異位性的甲狀腺
Development of Tongue
Development of Tongue

Tongue bud
distal

咽下隆突
舌芽

咽下隆突
Microglossia 小舌畸形
Macroglossia巨舌畸形

Glossoschisis 舌分裂
Papillae and taste buds

Lingual papillae – 8th wk

Filiform papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
Circumvallate papillae

Taste bud 味蕾– 11th -13th wk

- induced by the epithelial cells of the tongue & gustatory
nerve cells (chorda tympani, glossopharyngeal, and
vagus nerves)
- on dorsal surface (most), palatoglossal arches, palate, post.
surface of theepiglottis, post. wall of the oropharynx
Nerve supply of tongue

Sensory:
ant. 2/3 to mucosa – trigeminal nerve (CN V- 1st pharyngeal arch)

ant. 2/3 to taste buds – facial n. (CN VII, 2nd pharyngeal arch)

post. 1/3 - glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX, 3rd pharyngeal arch)

(CN X, 4th pharyngeal arch, anterior to the epiglottis)
Motor:
All muscles except palatoglossus – hypoglossal n. (CN XII)
Development of Salivary gland
6-7 wks, from the primordial oral cavity
Development of face: 1st pharyngeal arch
4-8 wks, human appearance

5 facial primordia臉原基
single frontonasal prominence (FNP)
forehead
rostral boundary of the stomodeum,
primordial mouth, nose
paired maxillary prominences
upper cheek & most of the upper lip
paired mandibular prominences
chin, lower lip, lower cheek
Development of face:
4-8 wks, human appearance

5 facial primordia
Development of face :

Nasal lacrimal duct

Carnegie 22
Development of Nasal cavity

Nasal plate
Development of Nasal cavity

Medial nasal prominences

Lateral nasal prominences

Nasal pit
Nasal
septum

Primary
palate:
philtrum
Development of Nasal cavity
28 day
Development of Nasal cavity

5 wk 6 wk
Development of Nasal cavity

7 wk 12 wk
Development of Nasal cavity:
Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

鋤鼻器
Development of Palate
Development of Palate: Primary palate

Palatogenesis:6-9 wks
Development of Palate: Primary palate
Development of Palate: Secondary palate

The end of 6 wk
Development of Palate: Secondary palate

唇齦板

The roof of the mouth

Development of Palate

9-12 wks : fused

Normal

Cleft palate
Carnegie stage 22

Cleft palate
Cleft lip
Normal

Cleft lip

Unilateral cleft lip Bilateral cleft lip

Cleft lip
Cleft lip
Normal

Cleft lip & cleft palate

Unilateral cleft lip and palate
Bilateral cleft lip and palate
Unilateral cleft lip and palate

Bilateral cleft lip and palate

 Facial clefts顏面裂

Median cleft of the upper lip Median cleft of the lower lip Bilateral oblique facial clefts with
complete bilateral cleft lip

Macrostomia Single nostril and microstomia Bifid nose and incomplete

median cleft lip