Unit-Iv: Separation of Solids From Fluids

UNIT-IV
Separation of solids from fluids
K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 1

INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF
MECHANICAL –PHYSICAL SEPARATION PROCESS
 In this chapter we are going deal with a group of

separation process will be considered where the
separation is not accomplished on a molecular scale nor
is it due to the differences among the various molecules.
 The separation will be accomplished using mechanical
physical forces and not molecular or chemical forces and
diffusion.
 The mechanical-physical forces include gravitational and
centrifugal, actual mechanical, and kinetic forces arising
from flow.

CLASSIFICATION OF MECHANICAL –
PHYSICAL SEPARATION PROCESS
These mechanical- physical separation processes are

considered under the following classification
1. Filtration(based on pressure difference)
2. Settling and Sedimentation (Gravitational forces
acting on the various size and density of particles.
3. Centrifugal settling and sedimentation.
4. Centrifugal filtration (Centrifugal forces).
5. Mechanical size reduction and separation.

FILTRATION IN SOLID-LIQUID
SEPARATION
 Filtration is the removal of solid particles from a fluid
(liquid/gas) by passing the fluid through a filtering
medium, or septum, on which the solids are deposited.
 The suspended solids can be very fine (micro range) or
much larger , very rigid or plastic particles, spherical or
very irregular in shape, aggregates of particles or
individual particles.
 In industrial filtration the solids content of feed ranges
from trace to very high percentage. Often the feed is
modified in some way by pretreatment to increase
filtration rate, as by heating, recrystallizing, or by adding
filter aid such as cellulose or diatomaceous earth.

FILTRATION

Filtration…
 Industrial filtration equipment differs from laboratory
filtration equipment's only in the amount of material
handled and in the necessity for low-cost operation.
 In the filtration process fluid flows through the filter medium
by virtue of pressure differential across the medium.
 The filter can be cloth or paper .
 The particles is blocked by the small openings in the pores
of the filter cloth. The solid particles build up in the form of
a porous filter cake as the filtration proceeds.
 This cake itself acts as a filter for the suspended particles.
As the cake builds up, resistance of flow also increases.

 The filter medium can be ceramic, polymer
membrane or metal with pores small enough to
exclude most of the suspended solids.
 Some of the liquid passes through the medium as
a clear filtrate leaving a more concentration
behind.
 Depending on the pore size and the force exerted
on septum the filtration can be differentiated.
 An ultrafilter is a crossflow unit containing a
membrane with extremely small opening which is
used for SEPARATION AND CONCENTRATION
OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES AND LARGE
MOLECULES.
PRINCIPLE OF FILTRATION
 The filtration media is only permeable to liquid

, it retains the solid particles and permits only
the fluid passes through which the filtrate is
collected.
 The volume of filtrate collected per unit time
dv/dt is called filtration rate.
 This dV/dT we will use to design the, we will
use to derive the governing equations also.

CONSTANT RATE AND
PRESSURE FILTRATION
 To maintain the flow rate constant, maintain the flow rate
of filtrate constant, then continuously we have to increase
the pressure.
 Pressure will keep on increasing, so we will collect the
constant volume of the filtrate, and when the pressure will
be reached to the perusable value after that pressure
should not be increased because of the operational
difficulty.
 Pressure will remain constant and once we keep the
pressure constant the volume of filtrate collected per unit
time will keep on decreasing.
 To increase the pressure to constant, the rate of filtration
and then we have to go for the constant pressure, so that
filtrate volume will keep on, or rate of filtration will keep
on decreasing. So to get the maximum output first of all
we have
K.YOUGA to operate
SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) at constant rate and then we should 9
proceed with constant pressure.

FACTORS ON WHICH THE RATE
OF FILTRATION DEPENDS ON
 Pressure drop across the filter medium

 The area of filtering surface
 The viscosity of filtrate
 The resistance of filter cake
 The resistance of filter medium and the initial
layers of cake

CLASSIFICATION OF
FILTRATION
Most industrial filters are classified based on
pressure/for
 Pressure filters
 Vacuum filters
 Centrifugal separators
Based on discharge
 Continuous
 Discontinuous
 Steady
 intermittent
FILTERS ARE DIVIDED INTO 3
MAIN GROUPS
a) CAKE FILTER :separates large amount of
solid as a cake or sludge
b) CLARIFYING FILTER : separates small
amount of solids to produce clean gas or
sparkling clear liquids such as beverages.
c) CROSSFLOW FILTER: The feed
suspension flows under pressure at a fairly
high velocity across the filter medium.

CAKE FILTERS
 Cake filtration consists of passing a solid suspension
through a porous medium or septum. The solids in the
slurry are retained on the surface of the medium where
solids build up forming an increasing thicker cake .
 As more slurry is filtered the solid retained on the
medium provide most of filtering action . In cake filtration
the cake is the real filtering element.
As the thickness of the cake increases.
I. Resistance to flow of filtrate increases
II. Rate of filtration gradually decreases (if rate is
maintained to be constant then pressure difference
driving force will increase. So what we have to do over
here that due to the formation of thick layer over the
filter media, the filtrate volume collected per time will
keep on decreasing) .
CAKE FILTERS
 If you want to maintain same rate of filtration that

is volume collected per time should be same. So
we have to increase the pressure drop across
the filter media or across the filter media as well
as cake.
 So therefore, the batch filter is operated either by
constant pressure or at constant rate. So as for
as its principle is concerned, we either go for the
constant pressure process or we can go for the
constant rate process
Examples of cake forming
filters
 Filter press
I. Plate and frame filter press
II. Shell and leaf filter press
 Belt filters
 Continuous Vacuum filters
i. Rotary vacuum belt filter
ii. Rotary vacuum precoat filter
iii. Vacuum disk filters
Cake filters…..
 Cake filters can either be continuous or discontinuous, but
because of difficulty of discharging the solids against a
positive pressure, most pressure filters are discontinuous.
 Cake filtration is intrinsically a batch process. Hence, it can
be expected that as filtration proceeds the cake will build up
and the pressure drop across the cake will increase.
 Mathematical modelling of batch cake filtration is based on
the determination of the rate of formation of the cake and
the calculation of pressure drop at any given time.
 Continuous filtration is often modelled as a succession of
batch processes carried out over infinitesimally small time
intervals.

Cake filter

DISCONTINUOUS
PRESSURE FILTERS
 Pressure filters can apply a large pressure
differential across the septum to give
economically rapid filtration with viscous
liquids or fine solids.
 The most common type of pressure filters
are filter presses and shell –and-leaf filter.

Filter press
 It consists of hollow frames and solid plates
 Plates have grooved surface to support the filter cloth
 Each plate has an outlet for filtrate
 Frames are opened with an inlet for the liquid to be
filtered.
 The plates of the filter press can be square or
circular, vertical or horizontal.
 Most commonly the compartments for solids are
formed by recesses in the faces of molded
polypropylene plates.
Filter press :Plate and
frame press
 In this type of press , the square plates 6 to 78
inch on a side with alternate open frames.
 The plates are ¼ to 2 inch thick.
 Plates and frames sit vertically in a metal rack,
with cloth covering the face of each plate and
are squeezed tightly together by a screw or a
hydraulic ram.

Plate and frame filter press

Plate and frame filter press

Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
 Easy to assemble  Not economically for

small amounts of filtration.
 Used for coarse to
fine filtration  Leakage between the
plates may take place
 Operation and
 It has the chances of
maintenance is easy.
jamming
 Filter cloth can be
 Suitable for slurry
easily replaced. containing 5% of solids.
Shell and leaf filter
 Shell and leaf filter is used for filtering under
high pressures than plate and frame filter.
 It is more economize on labor or where better
washing of the cake is needed, a shell and
leaf filter may be used.
 These filters provide large surface area by
using varieties of filter leaves
 In the horizontal tank design, there are set of
vertical leaves held on retractable rack.
 During operation the leaves are inside the
closed tank.
 Feed enters through the side of the tank
 Filtrate passes through the leaves into a
discharge manifold
27
K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT)

SHELL AND LEAF FILTER

AUTOMATIC BELT FILTER
 The LAROX belt filter is a discontinuous pressure filter that
separates, compresses, washes and automatically
discharges the cake.
 Filtration takes place from 2 to 20 horizontal chambers set
one above the other.
 A belt of filter cloth passes through the filter chambers and if
the belt held stationary , each chamber is filled with solids
during the filtration cycle.
 High pressure water is pumped behind a flexible diaphragm
in the chamber ceiling, squeezing the cake and mechanically
expressing some of the liquid.
 With the diaphragm released, wash water may be passed
through cake and the cake recompressed by diaphragm if
desired.
 Finally air is blown through the cake to remove additional
liquid.
DISCONTINUOUS VACUUM
FILTERS
 Pressure filters are usually discontinuous
 Vacuum filters are usually continuous
 A vacuum nutsche filter is larger than Buchner funnel, 1 to
3 m in diameter and forming the layers of solids 100 to
300mm thick
 Nutsche filter is simple and can readily be made of
corrosive-resistant materials and is valuable where
experimental batches of a variety of corrosive materials
are to be filtered.
 Nutsche filters are uncommon in large scale processes
because of labor involved in digging out of cake.

CONTINUOUS VACUUM
FILTERS
 In continuous vacuum filters ,liquor is sucked through a
moving septum to deposit a cake of solids.
 The cake is moved out of the filtering zone, washed,
sucked dry, and dislodged from the septum, which then
re-enter the slurry to pick up another load of solids.
 Then pressure difference across the septum in a
continuous vacuum filter is not high , ordinarily between
250 to 500 mm Hg.
 Various design of filter differ in the method of admitting
slurry, the shape of filter surface and the way in which the
solids are discharged.

ROTARY DRUM FILTER
 Horizontal drum that turns at 0.1-2
RPM in an agitated slurry trough.
 Filter medium(Canvas) covers
face of drum, which is partially
submerged in liquid.
 Vacuum and air are alternately
applied to each compartment as
the drum rotates .
 As panel leaves slurry zone, a
wash liquid is drawn through filter,
then cake is sucked dry with air,
and finally cake is scraped off
 From 30% up to 60-70% of filter
area can be submerged
 Cakes usually 3-40 mm thick •
Drum sizes range from 0.3 m in
diameter to 3 m in diameter is
usually scrapped
K.YOUGA SRI by a horizontal
,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 34
knife known as doctor blade
ROTARY DRUM FILTER
 Vacuum filter with continuous operation
 Drum turns at 0.1 – 2 rpm in slurry trough
 Filter covers the face of the drum
 Rotary drum filter has four zones:
1. Filtering zone
2. Washing and drying zone
3. Cake removal zone
4. Dead zone
 Vacuum is applied in first two zones
 Permeate and washing liquid discharge into separate
compartments
 Doctor blade is used in third zone
FLOW SHEET FOR CONTINUOUS
VACUUM FILTRATION

ROTARY DRUM FILTER
 The amount of submergence of the drum is also variable.
 Most bottom-feed filters operate with about 30% of their filter area
submerged in the slurry.
 When high filtering capacity and no washing are desired, a high
submergence filter, with 60 to 70 % of its filter area submerged, may be
used.
 The capacity of any rotary filter depends strongly on the characteristics of
the feed slurry and particular on the thickness of the cake that may be
deposited in practical operation.
 The cakes formed on industrial rotary vacuum filters are about 3 to 40 mm
thick.
 Standard drum size ranges from 0.3 in diameter with 0.3m face to 3m in
diameter with a 4.3m face.

ROTARY DRUM PRESSURE
FILTER
 Continuous rotary drum filter are sometimes adapted to operate under
positive pressure up to about 15 atm for situation in which vacuum filtration
is not feasible or economical.
 Rotary drum pressure filter is used when the solids are very fine and filter
very slowly or the liquid has a high vapor pressure or liquid having viscosity
>1 or is a saturated solution that will crystallized if cooled at all.
 With slow filtering slurries the pressure diffferntial across the septum must
be greater than can be obtained in a vacuum filter, with liquids that vaporize
or crystallize at reduced pressure, the pressure on the downstream side of
the septum cannot be less than atmospheric .
 The mechanical problem of discharging the solids from these filters, their
high cost, complexity, and their small size limit their application to special
problems.
 Where vacuum filtration cannot be used other means of separation, such
as continuous centrifugal filters, should be considered
PRECOAT FILTER
 A precoat filter is a rotary drum filter modified for filtering small amounts of
fine or gelatinous solids that ordinarily plug a filter cloth
 In this operation ,the machine has a layer of porous filter aid(an agent
consisting of solid particles that improves filtering efficiency), such as
diatomaceous earth, is first deposited on the filter medium
 Process liquid is then sucked through the layer of filter aid, depositing a very
thin layer of solids, this layer along with small amount of filter aid are
scrapped off from the drum by using a knife, which continuously exposes a
fresh surface of porous material for the subsequent liquor to pass through.
 A precoat filter may also operate under pressure.in the pressure type the
discharged solids and filter aid collect in the housing, to be removed
periodically at atmospheric pressure while the drum is being recoated with
filter aid.
 Precoat filters can be used only where the solids are to be discarded or
where their mixture with large amounts of filter aid introduces no serious
problem.
HORIZONTAL PRESSURE
FILTER
 When feed contains coarse fast settling particles of solid, a rotary drum
filter works poorly or not at all.
 The coarse particles cannot be suspended well in the slurry trough and
the cake that forms often will not adhere to used.
 OPERATION: Feed slurry flows onto the belt from a distributor at one
end of the unit, filtered and washed cake is discharged from other
 Useful in waste water treatment
 Some of the models are “indexing “ belt filters similar to Larox pressure
filter. In these the vacuum is intermittently cut off and repeated.
 The belt is moved forward one half a meter or so when the vacuum is off
and is held stationary while vacuum is applied.
 This avoids the difficulty of maintaining a good vacuum seal b/w vacuum
box and a moving belt.

HORIZONTAL
PRESSURE FILTER

Advantages
 Continuous operation (except for a Nutsche filter)
 Intensive soluble recovery or removal of contaminants from the cake by
counter-current washing (specially on Horizontal Belt, Tilting Pan and Table
Filters)
 Producing relatively clean filtrates by using a cloudy port or a sedimentation
basin (on Horizontal Belt, Tilting Pan and Table Filters)
 Polishing of solutions (on a Precoat Filter)
 Convenient access to the cake for sampling or operator's activities
 Easy control of operating parameters such as cake
thickness or wash ratios
 Wide variety of materials of construction
Disadvantages
 Higher residual moisture in the cake
 Untight construction so it is difficult to contain gases
 Difficult to clean (mainly as required for food grade applications)
 High power consumption by the vacuum pump

VERTICAL PRESSURE
FILTER

CENTRIFUGAL FILTERS
 Solids that form a porous cake can be separated from liquids
in a filtering centrifuge.
 Slurry is fed to a rotating basket having a slotted or perforated
wall covered with filter medium such as canvas or metal
cloth..
 Pressure resulting from the centrifugal action forces the liquor
through the filter medium, leaving the solids left behind.
 If the feed to the basket is then shut off and cake of solids
spun for a short time, much of the residual liquid in the cake
drains off the particles, leaving the solids much drier than
those from a filter press or vacuum filter
 the filtered material is subsequently dried by thermal means.

• The separation is based on difference in density of solid and liquid
phase

TYPES OF FILTERING
CENTRIFUGES
1. SUSPENDED BATCH MACHINES: which are
discontinuous in their operation
2. AUTOMATIC SHORT-CYCLE BATCH machines
3. CONTINUOUS CONVEYOR CENTRIFUGE

SUSPENDED BATCH MACHINES
 Centrifugal filter operating in batch mode
 Perforated baskets 750 – 1200 mm in dia. and 18 – 30 inch deep
 Basket rotates at 600 – 1800 rpm
 The basket is held at lower end of a free swinging vertical shaft
driven from above.
 Feed slurry enters the rotating basket through an inlet pipe or chute.
 Clear liquid pass out leaving behind solid cake in basket
 Wash liquid sprayed to remove soluble solids and cake dried
 For cake removal, basket is turned at 30 – 50 rpm and cake is cut
off with unloader knife

SUSPENDED BATCH MACHINES
 Top suspended centrifuge are used extensively in sugar refining, where
they operate on short cycles of 2 to 3min per load and produce up to 5
tons/hr of crystals per machine.
 Batch centrifuge driven from bottom are mostly suspended from vertical
legs mounted on a base plate. Solids are unloaded by hand through the
top of casing .
 Except in sugar refining ,suspended centrifuges usually operate on
cycles of 10 to 30 min per load , discharging solids at a rate of 300 to
1800kg/h

Automatic batch
centrifuges

Continuous filtering centrifuge

Short cycle automatic batch centrifuge/
Semi-continuous centrifuge.
Construction
 It consist of vertical perforated basket mounted on horizontal shaft.
 Form the open side of basket, feed and wash pipe introduced at the
center.
 Wash pipe is connected to a diaphragm valve through air supply.
 Hydraulic cylinder attachment is made in such a manner that discharge
chute enters from the sides of basket.

PRINCIPLES OF CENTRIFUGAL
FILTRATION
 The basic theory of constant
pressure filtration can be modified
to apply to filtration in centrifuge.
 The treatment applies after the cake
has been deposited and during flow
of clear filtrate or fresh water
through water.

 Gravity and change in Kinetic energy of liquid is
neglected.
 The pressure drop from centrifugal action equals
the drag of the liquid flowing through the cake.
 The flow of liquid is laminar
 The resistance of the filter medium is constant
 The cake is nearly incompressible
 Avg specific resistance can be used constant.
 For centrigual forces terms like angular velocity

FILTER MEDIA
 “The surface upon which solids are deposited in a filter is called
the Filter medium”.
PROPERTIES OF IDEAL FILTER MEDIA:
 1. Chemically inert.
 2. High retention power.
 3. Sufficient mechanical strength.
 4. Absorbs negligible amount of material.
 5. Resistant to the corrosive action of liquid.
Selection of filter media depends on followings:
 1. Size of particle to be filtered.
 2. Amount of liquid to be filtered.
 3. Nature of product to be filtered.
 4. Purpose of filter. 57

Types of Filter Media
When choosing a filter material we must consider cost, particle size, operating
temperature, and chemical resistance.
1. PO (PONG) - Polypropylene this non-woven material is our popular workhorse.
Polypropylene offers excellent chemical resistance. Its cost effectiveness makes it ideal for
applications up to 200° F. This felt material can come plain (untreated felt) or glazed (high
heat applied to exterior surface fibers).
2. PMO - Polypropylene Mesh Similar to nylon mono filament mesh, polypropylene mono
filament mesh has better acid resistance than nylon and is more cost effective for
temperatures up to 200° F.
3. PEMF - Polyester Microfiber Felt This material is grown from raw microscopic fibers. Its
long life and ultra-fine micron rating make it possible to use bag filters for applications
that once required expensive high maintenance cartridges. It has a higher melting point
than polypropylene microfiber making it ideal for hot oil and other applications up to 325°
F.
4. NMO - Nylon Mesh This monofilament mesh is a woven material in which each thread
is a single filament. This material's strength enables it to be used in a variety of different
applications
FILTER AID
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH PERLITE
ASBESTOSE CELLULOSE CARBON

Clarifying Filtration
 Removal of the Small amounts of solids or
liquids droplets from the fluids.
 PRINCIPLE : Particles are trapped inside the
filter media or on its surfaces (DIRECT
SEIVING).
 Caught by the surface forces
 Reduce the active dia. of the channel

Liquid Clarification: Cartridge Filter
 Series of thin disks with close
clearances in a vertical stack
 Disks carried on a vertical
hollow shaft
 Liquid admitted under
pressure
 Trapping of the solids
between disks
 Liquid flows out through the
casing
 Comb cleaner pass between
the disks and drop solids to
the bottom of casing

Gas Clarification
Types of Gas cleaning :
 For atmospheric dust – Pad filters
 For process dusts – Bag Filters
PAD FILTERS
Air passed through pads of filter media
Pad may be dry or coated with viscous oil
For light duty – pads are disposable
For heavy duty – reused by rinsing and recoating

Bag Filter or Bag House or Fabric
filter
 Contains one or more
large bags of fabric
material inside metal
casing
 Dust laden gas enters the
filter at the bottom
 Solid particles trap inside
the bag and clean gas
leave at the top
 Solids are discharged by
shaking mechanism

 The high efficiency of these collectors is due to the dust cake
formed on the surfaces of the bags.
 The fabric primarily provides a surface on which dust
particulates collect through the following four mechanisms:
 Inertial Collection-Dust particles strike the fibers placed
perpendicular to the gas-flow direction instead of changing
direction with the gas stream.
 Interception-Particles that do not cross the fluid streamlines
come in contact with fibers because of the fiber size.
 Brownian Movement-Submicron particles are diffused,
increasing the probability of contact between the particles
and collecting surfaces.
 Electrostatic Forces-The presence of an electrostatic
charge on the particles and the filter can increase dust
capture.
 A combination of these mechanisms results in formation of
the dust cake on the filter, which eventually increases the
resistance to gas flow. The filter must be cleaned66 periodically.
Mechanism

Bag house design
 Air-to-Cloth Ratio :The volume of gas flow passed per
unit area of the bag i.e.
 Air to cloth = Volume of gas flow (Q)/ Area (A) of bag
ratio (Typical value 0.010 to 0.020 m/sec-for shaker type)
 Net area of bags of bags = Q/Air to cloth ratio
 Area of one bag = ∏x D x L
L=length of bag
D= Dia of bag
No of bags = Net area / area of one bag

Filter cleaning
mechanisms
The following mechanisms are used for cleaning the filters
in a bag house:
 Rapping
 Shaking
 Reverse air flow (back wash)
 Pulse jet

Electrostatic Filters
 An electrostatic precipitator is large , industrial emission

control unit.
 It is designed to trap and remove dust particles from the
exhaust gas stream of industrial process.
 Precipitators are commonly used in cement, chemicals,
metals, paper.
 Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration
devices that allow the flow of gases through the device,
and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as
dust and smoke from the air stream.

COMPONENTS USED IN
ELECTROSTATIC Filters
 Electrodes
 440V 50HZ 3φ AC supply
 High voltage transformer
 Rectifier
 insulators
 Hooper

 Control cabinet : Control cabinet is used to interconnect the
3φ ac supply and transformer through wires.
 Transformer: Transformer is used to step up or step down the
voltage as per the design of Electrostatic precipitator.
 Rectifier: Rectifier is used to convert the given ac supply into
dc supply.
 Hooper: Hooper is used to store the dust particles and ash
content coming out from the Electrostatic precipitator.
 Electrodes : Based on DC current flow terminals electrodes
can be divided as below:
a) Discharge electrode :Electrodes wire which carries
negatively charged high voltage (between 20 to 80KV) act as
discharge or emitting electrodes.
b) Collector electrode :Electrode wire which carries positively
charged high voltage act as Collecting electrodes.

ELECTROSTATIC
Electrostatic precipitatorFilters working
 Works on the principle of

electrical charging of
particulate Matter (-ve) and
collecting it in a +ve charged
surface.
 99% efficiency.
 Can remove particle size
range of 0.1 μm to 1 μm.
K.Youga sri ,Asst Prof, BVRIT ,Narsapur 73

Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
 High collection efficiency.
 Particles may be collected dry or wet.
 Can be operated at high temp. (300-450˚c).
 Maintenance is normal.
 Few moving parts.

Disadvantages
 High initial cost.
 Require high voltage.
 Collection efficiency reduce with time.
 Space requirement is more.
 Possible of explosion during collection of

K.Youga sri ,Asst Prof, BVRIT ,Narsapur 74
combustible gases or particulates.

Unit-Iv: Separation of Solids From Fluids

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit-Iv: Separation of Solids From Fluids

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIT-IV

Separation of solids from fluids

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 1

 In this chapter we are going deal with a group of

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 2

These mechanical- physical separation processes are

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 3

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 4

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 5

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 6

 The filtration media is only permeable to liquid

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 8

proceed with constant pressure.

 Pressure drop across the filter medium

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 10

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 12

 If you want to maintain same rate of filtration that

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 17

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 19

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 20

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 22

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 23

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 25

 Easy to assemble  Not economically for

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT)

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 28

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 31

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 32

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 37

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 38

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 42

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 43

 High power consumption by the vacuum pump

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 45

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 46

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 47

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 48

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 49

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 51

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 52

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 53

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 54

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT)

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 56

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT)

DIATOMACEOUS EARTH PERLITE

ASBESTOSE CELLULOSE CARBON

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 61

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 62

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 64

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 65

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 67

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 68

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 69

 An electrostatic precipitator is large , industrial emission

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 70

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 71

K.YOUGA SRI ,ASST PROF (BVRIT) 72

 Works on the principle of

K.Youga sri ,Asst Prof, BVRIT ,Narsapur 73

 Particles may be collected dry or wet.

 Can be operated at high temp. (300-450˚c).

 Few moving parts.