A

Seminar on
Optical Computing
By
Yadav Sudhanshusinh R.
(U16EC032)

Under the guidance of

Dr. A. S. Mandloi
Asst. professor
ECED, SVNIT, Surat
 Introduction
• Optical computers perform computations, operates, store and transmit
data using only light.
Why optical Computers?
• Light travel 10 times faster than electron. So, using light the data
transmission rate can be increased.
• Optical data processing can be done in parallel process, no EMI.
• More than one operation simultaneously.
• Superior storage capability.

Fig.1: Electrical Interconnects [3] Fig.2: Optical Interconnects [3]

 Key Components
• VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface
Emitting Laser)
• SLM (Spatial Light Modulator)
Amplitude and Phase Change
1. EASLM
2. OASLM – Liquid Crystal
• Smart Pixel Technology
Electro-Optic Devices
Array of Pixels
Organic Materials
• WDM
Multiplexing a No. of
different carrier signal
onto a single optical
Fig.3: Optical Computer [3] cable
Components of optical logic gates
He-Ne Laser

• Generates Continuous Wave

• CW
• Quartz tube filled with He-Ne (10:1)
• At the both end, Brewster Window
as polarizer
• Powerful RF generator

Fig.4: He-Ne Lasers setup and Energy diagram

 Nd-YAG Laser

• Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium

Garnet laser.
• By doping yttrium ions get replaced by
Nd3+.
• Energy difference is transferred to
crystal lattice.
• In metastable state, electrons stay here
for longer duration and achieve the
population inversion

Fig.4.2: Nd-YAG Lasers setup and Energy diagram

• Convex Lens : converge ray
from phthalocyanine film
• Optical filter
• Narrow band filter
• Allow He-Ne beam
• Detector
• Monochromator : transmit
only selected narrow band
• Oscilloscope

• Phthalocyanine – order of ns
Fig.5: All-optical AND gate [5]
• Multiplication property
 Integrated Silicon Photonics for Optical Computing
• Low power consumption, high speed (Comparable to CMOS technology)
• Uses Electro-Optic (EO) devices and Directed logic
• Basic element of any ALU can adder, shifter and multiplier which can be achieved by EO
switches, optical interconnects, photodetector, etc.

Fig.7: Architecture of EO Computing System [1]

• Optical logic unit processes an optical data under the control of electrical signal
• The whole process can be expressed in linear algebra form,
N=TM
Here, N = Output Vector, M = Input Vector, T = Processing Matrix
• T is determined from active and passive elements in to the module.
• Electrical to optical modulators convert electric signals into optical signal for high speed computation in
optical domain.

Fig.8: EO logic gates [1]

• λ means continuous wave input signal (some scaler - mapping factor).
 6M DESIGN OF AN EO FULL ADDER

Pn and Gn in Electrical Domain

Cn in optical Domain

Kn = An + Bn
Combining all equations into Liner Algebra form,
N=TM

Fig.9: Electrical Full-Adder (FA) [1]

Pn = An ⊕ Bn
Gn =An Bn
Cn = (An ⊕ Bn ) Cn−1 + An Bn
= Pn Cn−1 + Gn
Sn = Cn−1 ⊕ (An ⊕Bn)
= Cn−1 ⊕ Pn
 Applied Electrical Signals,
a. Pn Cn = Pn Cn−1 + Gn
b. Gn Sn = Cn−1 ⊕ Pn
c. Kn’
d. Gn’
e. Pn’
f. Pn

Fig.10: 6M design of an EO full adder with Directed Logic [1]

• Fig.11: Delay of optical and electrical FA with respect to bit size [1]
 Optical Storage
• Problem: Magnetic disk requires almost six times more time
than CPU execution speed.
• CD, DVD, Blu-ray
• Data are stored in bit by bit format on the recording medium.
• So, storing of data approaches to physical limit or size.
• Storing density can be increased if data can stored on the
entire volume. (bit by bit and page by page)
• Holographic Memory (3D data storage), amplitude and phase.
• Holographic memory can store the data more than 1TB in a
single sugar cube sized crystal.
• Photosensitive optical material: The material that can change Fig.12: Storing Interference pattern into
its chemical composition when it is exposed to photosensitive material [4]
electromagnetic wave radiation
• Object beam
• Interference pattern: Two or more than two waves
superimposed to generate resultant wave • Reference Beam
• Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
 Components of HVD
• Multiplexing Agent • SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATOR (SLM)
1. Angular Multiplexing • Used to convert optical or electrical signal into images
2. Spatial Multiplexing
• SLM is made up several pixels, each pixel can either pass
3. Wavelength Multiplexing or block light.
• Storage Medium
photosensitive optical material
1. Photopolymer
2. Lithium-niobite crystals
• Charge Coupled Device
• sensitive photon detector
• two basic elements
silicon sensor and capacitor
• Pixel
Fig.13: SLM [4]
• liquid crystal display for modulation of the light
 Recording Into HVD Reading From HVD

Fig.14: Recording [4] Fig.15: Reading [4]

Applications of holography Drawbacks of holography

• Data Storage • Expensive Development
• Security • Difficult placement
• Holographic Interferometry
Advantages of an Optical Computer Limitation of an Optical Computer
• Immune to the EMI • Software Requirements
• Parallelism • Fabrication Technology
• Free from short-circuits • Cost of the device and components
• Large bandwidth • Developing technology
• Low Loss Transmission
• Ease of usage
• Dense Storage Capacity
 REFERENCES
[1] Z. Ying et al., "Electro-Optic Ripple-Carry Adder in Integrated Silicon Photonics for Optical Computing,"
in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1-10, Nov.-Dec. 2018, Art no.
7600310.
[2] Tailor, Neel. (2015). Holographic Memory. 10.13140/RG.2.1.1329.9922.
[3] Optical Computers, [1-6], [41-45]
https://www.scribd.com/document/46946231/Optical-Computers
[4] Tailor, Neel. (2015). Holographic Memory. 10.13140/RG.2.1.1329.9922.
[5] All-optical AND gate and NAND gate [1-2]
https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2000/ast28apr_1m
Thank You