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This module shows the A message to pneumatic
methods of application of circuit designers:
pneumatic valves and ◦ Use proven and reliable
components for control design techniques
and automation ◦ Produce circuits and
The methods of pure documentation that are
pneumatic sequential clear to read
control are confined to ◦ Design for safety
simple examples ◦ Do not try to be too clever,
the circuit will be difficult
The majority of modern for others to read and
systems are controlled maintain
electronically and is the
subject of electro-
pneumatic modules
Introduction
Symbols
The standard for fluid power symbols is ISO 1219-1.
This is a set of basic shapes and rules for the
construction of fluid power symbols
Cylinders can be drawn to show their extreme or
intermediate positions of stroke and any length above
their width
Valves show all states in the one symbol. The prevailing
state is shown with the port connections
Other components are single state symbols
Symbols single acting
actuators
spring 1
3/2 Valve push button / 12
2
10
spring
3 1
3/2 Valve detented lever 2
operated 10
12
3 1
Symbols valves
2
3/2 Valve differential 12 10
pressure operated 3 1
4 2
5/2 Valve push button / 14 12
spring
5 1 3
5/3 Valve double
pressure operated spring 4 2
centre
5 1 3
Symbols valves
A valve function is known by a pair of numbers e.g. 3/2.
This indicates the valve has 3 main ports and 2 states
The valve symbol shows both of the states
Port numbering is to CETOP RP68P and shows:
◦ when the valve is operated at the 12 end port 1 is connected to
port 2
◦ when reset to the normal state at the 10 end port 1 is
connected to nothing (0)
2
12 10
3 1
Symbols valves
A valve function is known by a pair of numbers e.g. 3/2.
This indicates the valve has 3 main ports and 2 states
The valve symbol shows both of the states
Port numbering is to CETOP RP68P and shows:
◦ when the valve is operated at the 12 end port 1 is connected to
port 2
◦ when reset to the normal state at the 10 end port 1 is
connected to nothing (0)
2
12 10
3 1
This example is for a 5/2
valve
This has 5 main ports and
2 states
When the valve is
operated at the 14 end
port 1 is connected to
port 4 (also port 2 is
connected to port 3)
4 2
When reset to the normal 14 12
state at the 12 end port 1
is connected to port 2 5 1 3
(also port 4 is connected
to port 5)
Symbols valves
This example is for a 5/2
valve
This has 5 main ports and
2 states
When the valve is
operated at the 14 end
port 1 is connected to
port 4 (also port 2 is
connected to port 3)
4 2
When reset to the normal 14 12
state at the 12 end port 1
is connected to port 2 5 1 3
(also port 4 is connected
to port 5)
Symbols valves
General manual Lever
Silencer
Quick exhaust valve with
silencer
Pressure to electric
switch adjustable
a0 3 1 a1 3 1
Component identification
a0 a1 b0 b1 c0 c1
A B C
Sequence
Run/End
A+
B+
B-
C+
C-
A-
Repeat
Run/End
Example circuit
a0
10 bar max
a1
6 bar
b1 b0 c1 c0
1 2
OUT IN
2/2 Valve actuator control
To control the speed of
the piston rod, flow
restrictors are placed in
the pipes close to each of
the valves.
Adjustment of the
restrictors will slow down
the flow rate thereby 12
2
10 12
1
10
giving independent
outstroke and instroke OUT
1
IN
2
speed control
2/2 Valve actuator control
By repeated operation of
either button during
movement the piston rod
can be moved in small
steps for approximate
positioning
This will only be
successful under slow 12
2
10 12
1
10
speeds
1 2
OUT IN
2/2 Valve actuator control
With any compressed air
system that intentionally
traps air, the potential
hazard of this must be
recognised
Unintended release or
application of pressure
can give rise to 12
2
10 12
1
10
unexpected movement of
the piston rod OUT
1
IN
2
A pressure indicator or
gauge must be fitted to
warn of the presence of
pressure
Actuator control 3/2
valve
3/2 valve actuator control
A 3 port valve provides
the inlet and exhaust
path and is the normal
choice for the control of
a single acting cylinder
In the normal position
produced by the spring, 12
2
10
the valve is closed
In the operated position 3 1
2 2
12 10 12 10
+ 3 1 - a1 3 1
Fully-automatic control
- + a0 a1
Continuous automatic
A
cycling from roller
operated trip valves
Manual Run and End of
the automatic cycling
4 2
14 12 Cylinder will come to rest
in the instroked position
5 1 3
regardless of when the
2
10 valve is put to End
12
Run/End 3 1
Tags for the roller
2 2 feedback valves a0 and
12 10 12 10 a1 show their relative
a0 3 1 a1 3 1 positions
Sequential control
Circuit building blocks
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
Run/End
Run/End
b0 b1 a1 a0
Run/End
c0 c1 a1 a0 b1 b0
Run/End
a0 b0 a1 b1
Run/End
a0 b0 a1 b1
Run/End
a0 b0 a1 b1
b0
a1
Gp l
Gp ll
Sequence
Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
Run/End
a0 b1
Cascade (two group)
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
b0
a1
Gp l
Gp ll
Sequence
Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
Run/End
a0 b1
Cascade (two group)
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
b0
a1
Gp l
Gp ll
Sequence
Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
Run/End
a0 b1
Cascade (two group)
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
b0
a1
Gp l
Gp ll
Sequence
Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
Run/End
a0 b1
Cascade (two group)
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
b0
a1
Gp l
Gp ll
Sequence
Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
Run/End
a0 b1
Cascade (two group)
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
b0
a1
Gp l
Gp ll
Sequence
Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
Run/End
a0 b1
Cascade building blocks
A two group building
block consists of a lever
valve to run and end the Gp l
sequence plus the 5/2
double pilot operated 4 2
Gp ll
cascade valve 14 12
For a two group system 5 1 3 Sel ll
consisting of any number Run/End
2
of cylinders this building 10
block and the cylinder 12
3 1
building blocks are all Sel l
that is required to solve
the sequence
Cascade building blocks
This three group Gp l
building block
establishes an Run/End
interconnecting
pattern that can Gp ll
be extended to Sel l
any number of Sel ll
groups
Gp lll
Sel lll
Dual trip building blocks
When a sequence has a Send A+
cylinder operating twice
a1 in x
in one overall sequence a
dual trip building block a1 in y
Cascade rules
Three position valves
5/3 valves have a third The majority of
mid position applications are actuator
The valve can be tri- positioning and safety
stable e.g. a detented
lever operator or mono-
stable e.g. a double air or
double solenoid with 4 2
spring centre
14 12
There are three common 5 1 3
configurations for the mid
14 12
position: 4 2
5/3 Valve
5 1 3
5/3 Valve actuator control
The valve illustrated has
“all ports blocked” in the
mid position
Whenever the mid 4 2
position is selected the
pressure conditions in
the cylinder will be 14 12
frozen 5 1 3
If either X or Y is
released the output
signal Z will be lost
Logic AND
To obtain the output Z
both plungers X AND Y Z
must be operated and 2
held 12 10
Y
If X only is operated the 3 1
air will be blocked at port
1 in valve Y
If Y only is operated 2
12 10
there will be no pressure X
available at port 1 3 1
If either X or Y is
released the output
signal Z will be lost
Logic AND
To obtain the output Z
both plungers X AND Y Z
must be operated and 2
held 12 10
Y
If X only is operated the 3 1
air will be blocked at port
1 in valve Y
If Y only is operated 2
12 10
there will be no pressure X
available at port 1 3 1
If either X or Y is
released the output
signal Z will be lost
Logic AND
To obtain the output Z
both plungers X AND Y Z
must be operated and 2
held 12 10
Y
If X only is operated the 3 1
air will be blocked at port
1 in valve Y
If Y only is operated 2
12 10
there will be no pressure X
available at port 1 3 1
If either X or Y is
released the output
signal Z will be lost
Logic AND
To obtain the output Z
both plungers X AND Y Z
must be operated and 2
held 12 10
Y
If X only is operated the 3 1
air will be blocked at port
1 in valve Y
If Y only is operated 2
12 10
there will be no pressure X
available at port 1 3 1
If either X or Y is
released the output
signal Z will be lost
Logic AND
To obtain the output Z
both plungers X AND Y Z
must be operated and 2
held 12 10
Y
If X only is operated the 3 1
air will be blocked at port
1 in valve Y
If Y only is operated 2
12 10
there will be no pressure X
available at port 1 3 1
If either X or Y is
released the output
signal Z will be lost
Logic AND
To obtain the output Z
both plungers X AND Y Z
must be operated and 2
held 12 10
Y
If X only is operated the 3 1
air will be blocked at port
1 in valve Y
If Y only is operated 2
12 10
there will be no pressure X
available at port 1 3 1
If either X or Y is
released the output
signal Z will be lost
Logic AND
This method must not be
used as a two handed Z
safety control 2
12 10
It is too easy to abuse. Y
e.g. one of the buttons 3 1
could be permanently
fixed down and the
system operated from 2
12
the other button only 10
X
Use the purpose 3 1
designed two handed
safety control unit
Logic OR
Use of an ‘OR’ function
shuttle valve Z
Source X and Y can be
remote from each other
and remote from the
destination of Z
When X or Y is operated 12
2
10
the shuttle valve seal Y
moves across to prevent 3 1
2
12 10
Y
3 1
2
12 10
X
3 1
Logic MEMORY
A bi-stable double pilot Z
valve can be set or reset
simply by a pulse (push 12 10
and release) on buttons
3 1
X or Y
2
12 10
Y
3 1
2
12 10
X
3 1
Logic MEMORY
A bi-stable double pilot Z
valve can be set or reset
simply by a pulse (push 12 10
and release) on buttons
3 1
X or Y
2
12 10
Y
3 1
2
12 10
X
3 1
Logic MEMORY
A bi-stable double pilot Z
valve can be set or reset
simply by a pulse (push 12 10
and release) on buttons
3 1
X or Y
2
12 10
Y
3 1
2
12 10
X
3 1
Logic MEMORY
A bi-stable double pilot Z
valve can be set or reset
simply by a pulse (push 12 10
and release) on buttons
3 1
X or Y
2
12 10
Y
3 1
2
12 10
X
3 1
Logic MEMORY (latch)
A popular memory circuit
is the latch Z
Will not re-make after 1 3
pneumatic power failure Y
12 10
A pulse on X operates 2
required 12 10
2
3/2 Valve selection /
diversion
Selection of one of two
supplies connected to
ports 1 and 3 can be 12
2
10
different pressures
3 1
Diversion of one supply
to one of two outlets
If it is required to
exhaust the downstream
air a 5/2 valve is 3 1
required 12 10
2
Latch with controls
Out
In this version of a latch
the push button valves 12
2
10
are connected to perform
3 1
‘OR’ and ‘NOT’ functions
The ‘OFF’ valve must be ON 2
12 10
placed last in the signal
chain so that if both 3 1
valves are operated
together the ‘OFF’ OFF 12
2
10
command will dominate
over the ‘ON’ command 3 1
OR, AND, NOT
z 2
A single 3/2 pilot OR 12 10
operated spring return 3 1
valve can be use for any
of these logic functions x y
x OR y gives output z z
AND 2
x AND y gives output z 12 10
x gives NOT z 3 1
x y
z 2
NOT 12 10
3 1
x
Single pulse maker
Converts a prolonged
signal x into a single z
pulse z
2
Signal z must be 12 10
removed to allow the 3 1
valve to reset then x can
be applied again
The duration of the pulse
can be adjusted with the
x
flow regulator
Slow initial pressure build
up
Choose a 3/2 pilot spring
valve with a relatively 2
high operating force e.g. 12 10
3 to 4 bar 3 1
When the quick connect
coupling is made, the
output at port 2 is
controlled at the rate of
the flow regulator setting
When the pressure is
high enough to operate
the valve full flow will
take over
Pre-select
The lever valve can pre-
select the movement of
the cylinder OUT or IN 2
12 10
The movement will occur
the next time the 3 1
plunger valve is operated 2
12 10
The plunger valve can be
released immediately 3 1
and subsequently
operated and released 2
10
any number of times 12
3 1
OUT/IN
pre-select
5/2 OR function
The valve at position ‘a’
is reversed connected
and supplied from the
valve conventionally 4 2
12
connected at position ‘b’ a 14
5 1 3
Single pulse control
Each time the foot
operated valve is
pressed the cylinder
will single stroke + 4 2
12
and - alternately 14
Second foot 3 1 3 1
operation the
cylinder moves in
Third….. out and so
on
12 2
10
3 1
Air conservation
Power stroke in the
instroke direction only
Differential area of the
piston gives an outstroke 4 2
12
force when the pressure 14
is balanced 5 1
is balanced 5 1
counters
Pneumatic counting
circuits use large
numbers of logic valves 2
overlapping alternate
pulses, purple is the
reset line
Counting application
a0 a1
The counting circuit is A
applied to count 4
strokes of a cylinder
At rest all counting
valves are held reset by
the start valve
Start outstrokes ‘A’
Alternate signals from
‘a1’ and ‘a0’ progresses
operation of the counting
valves up the chain
Start
On the 4th operation of
‘a1’ the green signal
resets the start valve to
stop the cylinder a1 a0
Feedback methods
Time delay
A signal is restricted to
slow the rate of pressure
build up on a pressure Output
switch (3/2 differential
pressure operated valve)
When the pressure 12
2
10
switch operates a strong
un-restricted output is 3 1
given
A reservoir provides
capacitance to allow less Signal
fine and sensitive in
settings on the flow
regulator making it easy
to adjust
Time delay
- +
Manual remote start of a a1
5 1 3
2
12 10
3 1
2 2
12 10 12 10
3 1 a1 3 1
Pressure decay
- +
Manual remote start of a a1
programmed in to a PLC
(programmable logic
a0 a1
controller)
Thank You