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• HW 18: p.592-596: 7, 10, 11, 21, 25, 27, 32, 44, 45, 72, 73.
Answer: Each appliance needs its own path so that it
does not affect the operation of other appliances. As
you add more appliances to a parallel circuit, the total
current increases.
18.1 Resistances in Series, Parallel,
and Series-Parallel
equivalent series resistance (Rs) - when resistors are
connected in series in a circuit:
• The equivalent series resistance is larger than that of the largest resistor in the
series combination.
I = I 1 = I2 = I 3 = …
•The total voltage is the sum of the voltages of the individual resistors:
V = V1 + V2 + V3 +… = i Vi = i I Ri
Resistors (Light Bulbs) in Series
a) When resistors are connected in series, the current through each of them is
the same. The sum of the voltage drops across each of them is equal to the
voltage of the battery.
b) The equivalent resistance Rs of the resistors in series.
equivalent parallel resistance (Rp) - when resistors are
connected in parallel in a circuit:
1 1 1 1 1
Rp = R1 + R2 + R3 + … = iRi on Gold Sheet
• The reciprocal of the equivalent parallel resistance is equal to the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual resistances.
• The equivalent parallel resistance is less than that of the smallest resistor in the
parallel combination.
V = V1 = V2 = V3 = …
•The total current is the sum of the currents of the individual resistors:
I = I1 + I2 + I3 +… = i Ii
Resistors (Light Bulbs) in Parallel
a) When resistors are connected in parallel, the voltage drop across each of the
resistors is the same. The current from the battery divides among the resistors.
b) The equivalent resistance Rp of the resistors in parallel.
• Series connections provide a way to increase total resistance.
Example 18.1:
Solution:
Example 18.2:
Solution:
Series – Parallel Resistor Combinations
V I R
R1
R2
Total
Example 18.3:
Solution:
Example 18.4: For the circuit shown, complete a V-I-R table.
R1 = 5
R2 = 7 R3 = 2
12 V
Check for Understanding
Answer: b
Answer: a
Check for Understanding
Answer: No
Answer: No
a) Always reduce a circuit as far as possible before analyzing it. This circuit can
be reduced to the one shown in b.
b) At junction A the current divides, and at B the current merges. The paths
between junctions A and B are called branches. How many branches does
this circuit have?
Answer: 3
current in = current out
(Junction Theorem)
Solution:
I2 I1
Example 18.6:
Solution:
Check for Understanding
a) junction
b) branch
c) current
d) all of these
Answer: d
Answer: c
Check for Understanding
3. If you traversed a battery from the negative to the positive terminal, is the
voltage positive or negative?
Answer: positive
Hint: the 60 W bulb has a higher
resistance than the 75 W bulb.
Answer: The greater the power, the brighter the bulb.
In the series circuit, the current is the same for both bulbs.
Since P = I2R, the greater the R, the greater the power. Therefore, the 60 W
bulb burns brighter.
• The brightness of a bulb depends solely on the power dissipated by the bulb.
You can remember that from your own experience – when you go to the store to
buy a light bulb, you as for a 60 watt or 75 watt bulb. Watt is the unit of power.
• A 75 watt bulb is brighter than a 60 watt bulb, but be careful: a bulb’s power can
change depending on the current and voltage it’s hooked up to.
Answer: e
Question: Is there a way to figure out the current in the other three resistors
based only on the readings in these two ammeters?
Answer: The current through R5 must be the same as through R1, because both
resistors carry whatever current came directly from the battery. The current
through R3 and R4 can be determined from Kirchhoff’s junction rule: subtract the
current in R2 from the current in R1 and that’s what’s left over for the right-hand
branch of the circuit.
voltmeter - a high resistance device used to measure voltage.
1. A voltmeter has a
a) large capacitance
b) large resistance
c) small resistance
d) small capacitance
Answer: b
Answer: a
Check for Understanding
3. An ammeter has a
a) large resistance
b) large capacitance
c) small resistance
d) small capacitance
Answer: c
Answer: b
HW 18.A: p.592-596: 7, 10, 11, 21, 25, 27, 32, 44, 45, 72, 73.