SURVEYING – II (CE6404)

UNIT – IV : GPS SURVEYING

Basic Concepts - Different segments - space, control and

user segments - satellite configuration - signal structure -
Orbit determination and representation - Anti Spoofing
and Selective Availability - Task of control segment – Hand
Held and Geodetic receivers –data processing - Traversing
and triangulation.
 USES OF GPS
GPS is a complex system that can be used many
ways

GPS is used for navigation in marine and air perhaps

It is used for exploration, transportation,

management, structural monitoring and various types
of automation

GPS techniques permit the collection of data on

specified profile, cross-section, and boundary
locations, contours may be plotted from the collected
data
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GPS is very useful for layout works. One base
receiver supported by many rover receivers permits
the instantaneous layout of boundaries, pipelines,
roads and building locations

It is useful for open pit mining.

GPS data useful for prepare mapping

GPS are becoming very effective tools for GIS data

capture
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GPS was conceived and constructed for the use of
military.

 The use of GPS in spacecraft has been widespread

It is useful for identified the landslide locations

It is useful for identified earthquake locations

 ADVANTAGES OF GPS
There is no need for intervisibility between stations

Independent of weather conditions as a result of

using radio frequencies to tranmit the signals

Result in position of accuracy

The points can be established wherever they are

required and not be located evenly distributed sites

More efficient, flexible and less time consuming

positioning technique than the conventional survey
technologies
 Continued….
It can be used to obtain high accuracy three
dimensional information, anywhere and any time with
relatively little effort on a global datum

The GPS instrumentation and the data processing

software do not radically change even if very high or
moderately high accuracies are required
 DISADVANTAGES OF GPS
GPS requires that there is clear opening to sky
without any obstruction to the signal by overhanging
branches or structures.
One needs careful advanced planning to realize true
potential of GPS.
 Various issued related to transportation, travel and
logistic support need to be sorted out before actual
survey work for higher efficiency
Frequently, GPS surveyed sites may not be useful
for conventional surveys due to intervisibility, shape
and geometry requirements
 Continued…

 GPS vertical information is not available in

universally acceptable geoid based height system, GPS
heights have to be reduced to a sea level datum by
suitable information

 GPS instrumentation is still comparatively

expensive. Although the price of one receiver is likely
to soon match that of a theodolite EDM instrument,
generally a minimum of two are required for most
survey works
 GPS SURVEYING TECHNIQUES

There are several different field techniques for GPS

surveying using carrier frequency.

These techniques could be used singly or in

combination in some surveying projects.

Unlike conventional surveys, planning is an

important part of any GPS survey, regardless of the
technique used.
 Continued…

Following are the techniques that are commonly

used:

1. Static
2. Fast Static (Rapid Static)
3. Kinematic
4. Real Time kinematic
5. Peudo-kinematic (Pseudo-static)
 1. Static Mode of GPS surveying

This method, sometimes called static surveying, is

used in projects that require high accuracy
The duration of data collection depends on
Required precision
Number of visible satellites
Satellite Geometry
Whether the receivers are single frequency or
dual frequency
Distance between receivers
 2. Fast Static Mode of GPS surveys

Fast static or rapid static was a method developed

for dual frequency receivers

Field requirements and procedure for fast static are

same as those for static except for the short session
lengths.
 3. Kinematic Mode of GPS surveying

This is the mode of positioning form a moving

platform. i.e, when the antenna in motion.

In this method, where one antenna+receiver is

stationary and one antenna+receiver is moving.

In most surveying applications, a method called

“stop-and-go” kinematic is used.

The stationary receiver, called the base receiver, is

place at a known point while second receiver called
“rover” will visit all unknown points
 4. Real time Kinematic GPS surveys

Real time kinematic (RTK) refers to stop-and-go

method where the coordinates of points are available
in real time.

In this method radio communication line is

maintained between the base receiver and the rover,
and the base receiver supplies the pseudo-range and
carrier phase measurements to the rover which in turn
computes its position and display the coordinates
 5. Pseudo-Kinematic or Pseudo-static

This is combination of both static and kinematic

methods.

It has the speed of kinematic method but there is no

need to maintain lock on 4 satellites

It is the least precise of all methods but is more

productive that static.

This technique is suitable for areas where there are

obstructions to signal and crew movement