AIRCRAFT DESIGN PROJECT-II

DESIGN OF ATTACK AIRCRAFT

By
Jeevitha. S
Md Anwarudeen. A
Praveen Kumar. M
Sudha. K
 ABSTRACT

The aim of Aircraft Design Project-II is to design an ATTACK AIRCRAFT. This design
project deals with detailed design of aircraft structural components, loads acting over
them, manuverability envelop and V-n diagram to ensure flight safety. The performance
details of aircraft are taken from ADP-I. Necessary graphs and tables have been plotted
and tabulated with required diagrams.
 INTRODUCTION

Aircraft Design Project–II deals with a more in-depth study and analysis of aircraft performance
and structural characteristics. We have carried out structural analysis of fuselage and wings. The
flight envelope of the aircraft has also been established by constructing V-n diagram. We have
also determined the landing gear position, retraction and other accompanying systems and
machines. The study of all above mentioned characteristics, has given us insight to the complexity
of designing an Attack Aircraft.
The complete design process goes through three distinct phases that are carried out in a sequence.
They are ,
• Conceptual Design
• Preliminary Design
• Detailed Design
 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION OF ATTACK
AIRCRAFT
General Characteristics:-
Dimensions:- Performance :-
Velocity: 2000 Km/hr
Aspect Ratio: 3.2
Range: 3050 Km
Wing Span: 13.47 m
Altitude: 16 Km
Wing Area: 56.76 m2 Rate of Climb: 210 m/s
Length: 22.5 m Wing Loading: 470 Kg/m2
Airfoil: NACA 1408
Power plant:-
Engine: BMW/Rolls Royce BR710 A1-10
Weight:- Weight: 1597 Kg
Total Weight: 26681.2 Kg SFC: 1.103x10-5
Fuel Weight: 7496 Kg Thrust: 131.22 KN (2 engines used)
 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF AIRCRAFT WING

V-n Diagram

The V-n Diagram limits the various external loads that any airplane can withstand at any
particular velocity. i.e. the graph plotted between the load factor versus velocity is known as V-n
diagram. Generally, the airplane experiences much higher loads than the design values. Hence a
safety factor is used in the structural design.
 V-n +

V-n –

upper

lower
• Load Factor (n)

Velocity (V)
Gust Loads
The moment of air in turbulence is known as gust. It produces changes in wing incidence,
thereby subjecting the aircraft to sudden or gradual increases or decreases direction in lift from which
normal acceleration results.

Change in load factor, ∆n = [𝜌x𝑈x𝐶 L / 2x(W/S)]. V∞

Where, 𝜌 – density
U – Gust Velocity
CL – Co efficient of lift
V∞ − Velocity of aircraft
W/S – Wing Loading
When gust wind VgE is ± 4.57 m/s

n = 1 ± [Kg𝜇 gVgEa𝜌 / 2(W/S)]

= 1 ± [(0.76x34.84x4.57x5.25x1.225)/2(470)]

n +ve = 1.82

n -ve = 0.18

When gust wind VgE is ± 7.31 m/s

n = 1 ± [Kg𝜇 gVgEa𝜌 / 2(W/S)]

= 1 ± [(0.76x34.84x7.31x5.25x1.225)/2(470)]

n +ve = 2.32

n -ve = -0.32
 DETAILED DESIGN OF AIRCRAFT

Schrenk’s Curve

According to classical wing theory, the span wise lift or load distribution is proportional
to the circulation at each span station. For a non-elliptical wing, a good semi empirical method
for span wise load estimate is known as Schrenk’s approximation method. This method assumes
that the load distribution on an untwisted wing or tail has a shape that is the average of the actual
plan from shape and an elliptic shape of the same span and area. The total area under the lift load
curve must sum to the required total lift.
Schrenk’s Curve Data

SL.NO θ (DEG) a COS θ b SIN θ

1 0 6.735 0

2 10 6.632 1.064

3 20 6.328 2.096

4 30 5.832 3.065

5 40 5.159 3.940

6 50 4.32 4.696

7 60 3.367 5.30

8 70 2.30 5.76

9 80 1.69 6.03

10 90 0 6.131
Schrenk’s Curve
7

4
b sinƟ

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

a cosƟ
 Y1+Y2
Schrenk’s curve calculation is given by Y=
2

Lroot −Ltip
Y1 = Lroot - b ×𝑥
2

= 100961.90 – 6013.35x

Lroot −Ltip
Y2 = Ltip - b ×𝑥
2

= 60461.97 – 6013.35x
Linear Lift Distribution

𝐋𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 −𝐋𝐭𝐢𝐩
S.NO Wing Semi Span y1 = 𝐋𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 - 𝐛 ×𝒙
𝟐

1 0 100961.90

2 0.98 95068.81

3 1.28 93264.81

4 2.51 85928.52

5 4.02 76788.23

6 5.25 69391.81

7 7.01 58808.31

8 8.96 47082.28

9 10.01 40768.26

10 11.45 32109.04

11 12.61 25133.55

12 13.47 19962.07
Wing semi span vs Lift Distribution
120000

100000

80000
Lift Distribution (N/m)

60000

40000

20000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Wing semi span

Shear Force Diagram

The shear force at the section of the beam is the forced that along sum of all force
including the reaction acting normal to the axis of the beam either to left or right of the beam.
The loads acting in the aircraft are converted into point loads

Net Load Distribution

S.NO COMPONENT NET LOAD

1. Linear lift 100961.90

2. Self-weight 26681.2

3. Power Plant 1597

4. Fuel Weight 7946

Shear Force Calculation
Y = 80711.935x - 6013.35x2

Wing semi span and Shear Force Values

S.NO Wing Semi Span Shear Force

1 0.98 73311.69
2 1.28 93444.92
3 2.51 164674.64
4 4.02 227239.61
5 5.25 257994.699
6 7.01 270294.04
7 8.96 240417.57
8 10.01 205388.19
9 11.45 135786.43
10 12.61 92289.52
11 13.47 0
Wing semi span vs Shear Force
300000

250000

200000
Shear Force

150000

100000

50000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Wing semi span

 DESIGN OF AIRCRAFT FUSELAGE
Fuselage Structural Layout
The fundamental purpose of the fuselage structure is to provide Envelope to support the
payload, crew, equipment, systems and (possibly) the power plant. Furthermore, it must react
against the in-flight maneuvre, pressurization and gust loads also, the landing gear and possibly
any power plant loads. Finally, it must be able to transmit control and trimming loads from the
stability and control surfaces throughout the rest of the structure.
 DESIGN OF AIRCRAFT CONTROL SURFACE
Aileron
The primary function of the aileron is the lateral (roll) control of an aircraft; However, it
also affects the directional control. Due to this aileron and rudder are usually designed
concurrently. Aileron is structurally a part of wing located on the trailing edge of the wing. Both
ailerons are identical and have same geometry
Elevator

The primary function of the elevator is the pitch control of an aircraft; However, it also
affects the longitudinal control. Elevator is structurally a part of wing located on the trailing edge
of the wing. Both ailerons are identical and have same geometry.

Rudder

The primary function of the rudder is the yaw control of an aircraft; The rudder is the
movable surface which mounted in vertical stabilizer.
 DESIGN OF WING ROOT ATTACHMENTS
Wing Structural Layout
The specified structural roles of the wings are to withstand,
• Inertia loads from the power plants, undercarriage, etc., to main beam.
• Aerodynamic loads generated on the aerofoil control surface & flaps
Wing Structural Members

• Spars

• Skin

• Stringers

• Ribs

• Wing Tips
 LANDING GEAR CONFIGURATION
Retractable Landing Gear
Landing Gear is the undercarriage of an aircraft and used for either takeoff and landing.
Aircraft landing gear usually includes wheels, shock absorber, oleo studs etc., the aircraft
undercarriage retract from its operative position into fuselage or wings and move back to its
operative position when needed. Our aircraft is designed to use retractable landing gear.
 STRUCTURAL FITTINGS AND CONNECTION STUDY
General requirements of repair, maintenance and storage are of four main units such as
fittings, bolts, rivets, welds. No doubt that main or primary fitting involves more weight and cost
per unit volume than any other parts of aerospace structure.

Aircraft Bolts

A Bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external thread. Bolts are used to transfer relatively
large shear or tension loads from one structure to another. Hexagon head bolts is Army-Navy bolt
made from SAE 2330-3.5% m steel.
Aircraft Nuts
A Nut is a form of threaded fastener with an internal thread. Nut material should be more ductile
than bolts material, thus when nut is tightened the thread will deflect to seat on the bolt thread. It
develops the max strength of the bolts.
THREE VIEW DIAGRAM OF AIRCRAFT
 CONCLUSION

An attack aircraft has been designed with necessary specification. Design, analysis of various
components is performed. Using various steps and calculations every step is calculated with
optimum and aerodynamics characteristics. Structural design, centre of gravity, loading
performance, manuvering performance are done successfully. Thus, the aim of the project has
been fulfilled.