matrix with four rows and

three columns.

A as 4  3 (read
as ‘4 by 3’)
matrix

Linear Algebra Matrix

Example: Tensor transformation
If m=n ……? matrix with m rows and n columns.

(Left) column matrix/vector and (Right) row matrix/vector

Diagonal matrix Identity matrix
Matrix Basic Operations
1. Equality
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if and only if all their elements are
the same, aij = bij for 1 < i < m, 1 < j < n, and this equality is written as A = B
Note that this requires the two matrices to be of the same order m  n.
2. Addition & Substraction
Addition of matrices is straightforward; we can only add an m × n matrix to another m × n
matrix, and an element of the sum is the sum of the corresponding elements.
If A has elements aij and B has elements bij then A + B has elements aij + bij.

Similarly for subtraction, A - B has elements aij - bij.

3. Multiplication by Scalar

The matrix λA has elements λaij; that is, we just multiply each element by the scalar λ
3. Multiplication by Scalar
The matrix λA has elements λaij; that is, we just multiply each element by the scalar λ
4. Transpose
Example
Example 1
Example 2
 2

1
5. Multiplication

Clearly, in order for

multiplication to be possible, A
must have p columns and B must
have p rows otherwise the
product AB is not defined.
Associative law Multiplication by unit matrices
It follows from the definition of the matrix product If A is an m  n matrix and if Im and In are the unit matrices
of orders m and n then
and a careful use of double summations that

Distributive law over multiplication by a scalar Transpose of a product

Distributive law over addition

Example 3
 4

3
6. Determinants
Example 4