THE NUSANTAO

THEORY
BY: DR WILHELM G. SOLHEIM II
PRESENTED BY:
Bryle G. Dela torre
&
Antonnette A. Sagales
 OBJECTIVE:
To be able to answer The following question
after the presentation

• What is Nusantao Theory?

• Who proposed the nusantao theory?
• Who is Wilhelm Solheim?
• What are Wilhelm Solheim claims?
Wilhelm Solheim
Who is Wilhelm Solheim
• Born on 19 November 1924 in Champaign, Illinois
• Bill entered the University of Wyoming in 1941, majoring in Mathematics and minoring in Physics.
• In 1943 he joined the US Army Air Force to train as a meteorologist.
• He spent his Air Force years stationed in Casablanca, central coastal Africa and Germany.
• In 1947, Bill returned to the USA to finish his BA in Mathematics; he then attended the University of
California, Berkeley, for a MA in Anthropology.
• Bill Solheim, a pioneer and influential leader in Southeast Asian archaeology, was a man of famously great
appetites.
• Bill Solheim arrived in the Philippines for the first time on 30 November 1949;
• Willhelm Solheim Died 25 July 2014
Achievement and Works
• Wilhelm 'Bill' Solheim II is considered a founder of today's Southeast Asian archaeology, and has, in fact, been called "Mr. Southeast Asian
Archaeology“
• he also worked on Pacific collections (Gifford's Fijian ceramics at Berkeley, field survey and excavations near Bird's Head, West Papua
[Solheim 1976])
• and gained some North American Palaeoindian experience as Emil Haury's PhD student.
• Bill completed his PhD at the University of Arizona in 1959
• joined Florida State University in 1960.
• He moved to the University of Hawai'i Manoa (UHM) Department of Anthropology in 1961, and formally retired in 1991.
• While still a doctoral student, Bill began the journal Asian Perspectives in 1957 and served as its editor-in-chief for nearly three decades.
• Due to the high esteem in which he was held, he was the first University of Hawai'i faculty member and one of the first American scholars
permitted by the Hanoi government to visit Vietnam after the war in 1982.
• Bill Solheim retired from the University of Hawai'i Manoa in 1991, and joined the Archaeological Studies Program (University of the
Philippines) in 1997
• He was a Founding Fellow of the Philippine Association for the Advancement of Science, and a Fellow of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science.
• After the establishment of the Archaeological Studies Program at the University of the Philippines in 1995, Bill shipped his entire academic
book collection to the programme.
• Soon thereafter he founded a research station at the site of Ile Rockshelter and Cave in northern Palawan. In 2003, the Solheim Foundation
was established to promote archaeology in the Philippines.
Origin of the people of South Asia
WHAT is NUSANTAO???
It was derived by the linguist George Grace from the root words “Nusa”
which means “South” and “Tau” which means “Human

He used the term Nusantao to refer the people who were part of this
early maritime communication and network
The Nusantao Maritime trading and
communication
The Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network
(NMTCN)is a trade and communication network that first appeared in
the Asia-Pacific region during its Neolithic age. The concept was first
suggested by Wilhelm Solheim, known for being the senior practitioner
of archaeology in Southeast Asia today. The NMTCN attempts to
explain the diffusion of cultural traits throughout the Asia-Pacific
region, a pattern that does not seem to match the projections of
cultural spread by simple migration theories. Today, it is one of the
dominant theories for the early peopling of the Southeast Asian region.
Wilhelm Solheim claims
• He opposed the Theory of Peter Bellwood about the Out of Taiwan
theory.
• The pattern of cultural diffusion in the Asia-pacific region spread in all
direction so it was possible that it happened thru trading network
rather than a series of migrations.
• The early people in the South Asia had a maritime culture orientation.
He opposed the Theory of Peter Bellwood about
the Out of Taiwan theory.
Wilhelm Solheim’s Nusantao hypothesis was an alternative theory that focused on
the maritime nature of the peopling of the Philippines and Southeast Asia, rather
than following a ‘primacy’ of linguistics and agricultural methods. The cradle or
‘homeland’ of these Austronesian-speaking peoples lay not in Taiwan or Southern
China, but rather, in the area of Celebes Sea, Island South East Asia (ISEA). He
considered that the Nusantao would probably be similar to the indigenous groups
like the Badjao and Samal, who continue to be seafaring in nature. Solheim believes
that the Proto-Austronesian developed as a ‘barter language’ among the peoples
who originate in the Northern Mindanao-Southern Indonesian area in 5000 BC,
who then moved into the Philippines then upward to Taiwan. At this point, he and
Bellwood agree that there is movement to the west to Madagascar then east into
Melanesia and Polynesia. However, Solheim also posited that the Nusantao also
reached the coasts of Vietnam, as well as Southern Korea and Japan.He also named
a pottery tradition that strengthens the claims––Sa-huynh-Kalanay pottery.
The pattern of cultural diffusion in the Asia-pacific
region spread in all direction so it was possible that it
happened thru trading network rather than a series of
migrations.
The early people in the South Asia had a
maritime culture orientation.
THE OUT TIAWAN THEORY
BY: PETTER BELLWOOD
Objective
To be Able To Answer the Following After The Presentation

What Is “The Out Taiwan Theory”?

Who proposed The Out Taiwan Theory?
Who Is Petter Bellwood?
What Are Petter Bellwood Claims?
Petter Bellwood
Background information:
• Archeologist
• Born Leicester, UK 1943
• PhD Cambridge (King's College) 1980
• Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities (1983)
• Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (2016)
• Honorary Fellow, AssociazioneInternationale di StudisulMediterraneo
e l'Oriente (Associazione ISMEO), Rome (2017)
Works and Achievements of Petter Bellwood

• Peter Bellwood Has A 73 Publication

The Out Taiwan Theory
• Pottery used by the Austronesians
Same Pottery similar to Vietnam was found in philippines
• Language of the people in the region
It had been thought that Austronesian languages spread “Out of
Taiwan” and throughout Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines,
Madagascar, and the islands of the Pacific with a migrating population
some 4,000 years ago.
Robert Blust Model of the Austronesians
Language
• The Austronesian language family is the second largest on Earth in
number of languages, and was the largest in geographical extent
before the European colonial expansions of the past five centuries.
This alone makes the determination of its homeland a research
question of the first order. There is now near-universal agreement
among both linguists and archaeologists that the Austronesian
expansion began from Taiwan, somewhat more than a millennium
after it was settled by Neolithic rice and millet farmers from
Southeast China.
Peter Bellwood
Claims
 The Reason why the early people of
Taiwan migrated to the other land was
the increasing population og the farmers
from China so they needed to find land
for their agricluture.
 The people in the southeast Asia did not
develop their agriculture within their
boundary however the idea about
agriculture came from the early inhabitant
from Taiwan Which Travveled to the
Philippines, Indonesia and Madagascar.
 The skills and knowledge of the
Austronesians in maritime and
agriculture became their advantage
in their search for the new land.
 Reference

• http://antiquity.ac.uk/tributes/solheim.html
• https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Wilhelm_Solheim
• https://spawnofanthro.wordpress.com/2013/04/18/out-of-taiwan-on-the-spread-of-austronesians-in-southeast-asia/
• https://maritimenews.id/maritime-history-part-1/- (part 1- part 5)
• https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/11319099
• https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/peter-s-bellwood-first-islanders-prehistory-and-human-migration-in-
island-southeast-asia-2017-hoboken-nj-wiley-blackwell-9781119251545-60/6BBFAE61A725B753F831D29B681631E4
• https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/bellwood-ps
• https://www.archaeology.org/news/4110-160129-taiwan-language-migration
• https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3335700
•