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  • Epidemiological Approach: Prepared by I Gede Purnawinadi, S.Kep., NS., M.Kes., CWCCA

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    The document outlines the epidemiological approach to studying health problems, which involves four stages: descriptive, analytical, intervention, and evaluation. It describes the descriptive stage as defining the problem, quantifying those affected, and describing who is affected and where and when the problem occurs. The analytical stage involves analyzing potential causes. The intervention stage designs and implements interventions to address the problem. The evaluation stage assesses whether the interventions were effective. It also discusses theories and determinants of health, including physical and social environmental factors, individual characteristics, lifestyle, and access to health services.

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    Epidemiological Approach

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    The document outlines the epidemiological approach to studying health problems, which involves four stages: descriptive, analytical, intervention, and evaluation. It describes the descriptive stage as defining the problem, quantifying those affected, and describing who is affected and where and when the problem occurs. The analytical stage involves analyzing potential causes. The intervention stage designs and implements interventions to address the problem. The evaluation stage assesses whether the interventions were effective. It also discusses theories and determinants of health, including physical and social environmental factors, individual characteristics, lifestyle, and access to health services.

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    39 views16 pages

    Epidemiological Approach: Prepared by I Gede Purnawinadi, S.Kep., NS., M.Kes., CWCCA

    Uploaded by

    Kathleen Sharon
    The document outlines the epidemiological approach to studying health problems, which involves four stages: descriptive, analytical, intervention, and evaluation. It describes the descriptive stage as defining the problem, quantifying those affected, and describing who is affected and where and when the problem occurs. The analytical stage involves analyzing potential causes. The intervention stage designs and implements interventions to address the problem. The evaluation stage assesses whether the interventions were effective. It also discusses theories and determinants of health, including physical and social environmental factors, individual characteristics, lifestyle, and access to health services.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 16

    Epidemiological Approach

    Prepared by I Gede Purnawinadi, S.Kep., Ns., M.Kes., CWCCA.


    Epidemiological approach to a health problem
    DESCRIPTIVE STAGE Define What is the problem?

    Quantify How many are affected?

    Describe Who is affected, Where and When


    does the problem occur?
    DETERMINANTS
    ANALYTICAL STAGE Analyze But Why? How?

    Identify causing factor(s) What are the possible causes?

    INTERVENTION Design intervention So what? Which intervention(s)?


    STAGE
    Implement and evaluate Did it help?
    intervention
    Teori Gordon
    DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
    M. Roemer, 1993
    CHARACTERISTIC SOCIAL
    PHYSICAL OF INDIVIDU: ENVIRONMENT:
    ENVIRONMENT: Age, Sex, immunity, Education, Occupation,
    Geography, Climate, Genetic, Income, Relationships,
    Housing, Food, Background, Urbanization, etc.
    Water, etc. Habit, etc.

    HEALTH
    STATUS:
    Physical, Mental,
    and Social
    Well being

    HEALTH SERVICES:
    Promotion, Prevention, Protection,
    Treatment, Rehabilitation, etc.
    DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
    Janelle Nichols
    DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
    (HL. Blum, 1981)

    Heredity

    Health Medical
    Environment Status Service

    Life Style
    Basic Epidemiology: Evaluating Quality of Evidence
    • Association vs. causality: criteria for causality
    • Epidemiological studies provide evidence for an association between
    an exposure and an outcome.
    • In 1965 Sir Austin Bradford Hill composed a list of criteria to help
    evaluate whether an observed association between an exposure and
    an outcome is likely to be causal. These are now commonly known as
    the Bradford Hill criteria. Although none of the criteria alone can
    prove that a relationship is causal, used together, they can help make
    an overall judgement about whether a causal relationship is likely.
    The Bradford Hill criteria
    Types of studies are used in epidemiology
    Association vs. Causality
    • When interpreting findings from an epidemiological study it is
    essential to also consider whether an observed association between
    an exposure and an outcome is causal. To do this, we should explore
    whether there are other potential explanations for the association.
    • These explanations can include:
    random error (chance)
    systematic error in the way in which the study was conducted (bias)
    confounding
    Ratio Measures

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