Digital Image Processing and Computer Vision Fundamentals

Digital Image Processing and
Computer Vision
Course Website: http://www.comp.dit.ie/bmacnamee

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Books
“Digital Image Processing”,

Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods,
Addison-Wesley, 2002
“Digital Image Processing”

S. Sridhar
“Digital Image Processing” by

Sanjay Sharma
3
Module I : Introduction and Digital Image
of Fundamentals
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• Origin of Digital Image Processing

• Fundamental Steps of Image Processing, Components
of Digital Image Processing Systems
• Applications of Digital Image Processing
• Elements of Visual perception
• Image Acquisition systems
• Image Sampling and Quantization
• Types of Images
• Some basic relationships like Neighbors Connectivity,
Regions and Boundaries
• Distance Measures.
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CONTENTS
• Fundamentals of Digital Image
• Types of Images
• Image Acquisition
• Origin of Digital Image Processing
• Applications of Digital Image Processing
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1.1 What is a Digital Image?
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
Digital Image
In image processing, the term ‘image’ is used to denote the image

data that is sampled, quantized, and readily available in a form
suitable for further processing by digital computers.
6
of An image can be defined by a two dimensional function
36
F(x,y)
Where x, y are spatial coordinates and Amplitude (f) for pair x, y
is called intensity or gray level .
When x, y and f are discrete and finite the image is called digital
image.
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A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image
as a finite set of digital values, called picture elements or pixels
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36 Resolution is an important characteristic of an imaging system.
It is the ability of the imaging system to produce the smallest
discernable details, i.e., the smallest sized object clearly, and
differentiate it from the neighboring small objects that are
present in the image.
Bit Depth
The number of bits necessary to encode the pixel value is
called bit depth. Bit depth is a power of two; it can be written
as powers of 2.
So the total number of bits necessary to represent the image is
Number of rows *Number of columns * Bit depth

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1.2 TYPES OF IMAGES
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• In Binary images, the pixels assume a value of 0 or 1.

So one bit is sufficient to represent the pixel value.
Binary images are also called bi-level images.
• Grey scale images are different from binary images as they

have many shades of grey between black and white. These
images are also called monochromatic as there is no color
component in the image, like in binary images. Grey scale is
the term that refers to the range of shades between white and
black or vice versa.
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• In true color (RGB) images, the pixel has a color that is

obtained by mixing the primary colors red, green, and blue.
Each color component is represented like a grey scale image
using eight bits. Mostly, true color images use 24 bits to
represent all the colors.
• A special category of color images is the indexed image. In

most images, the full range of colors is not used. So it is better
to reduce the number of bits by maintaining a color map,
gamut, or palette with the image.
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Pseudo color images
Like true color images, Pseudocolour images are also used

widely in image processing. True color images are called
three-band images. However, in remote sensing applications,
multi-band images or multi-spectral images are generally used.
These images, which are captured by satellites, contain many
bands.
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1.3 What is Digital Image Processing?
Digital image processing is an area that uses digital circuits,

systems, and software algorithms to carry out the image
processing operations. The image processing operations may
include quality enhancement of an image, counting of objects,
and image analysis.
Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks

– Improvement of pictorial information for human
interpretation
– Processing of image data for storage, transmission and
representation for autonomous machine perception
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Some Related Terms
Computer Vision – Use computers to emulate human vision ,

including learning and being able to make inferences and take
actions based on visual inputs.
Main objective is to emulate human vision.
Image Analysis – means Image understanding

It can be said that image analysis process is in between image
processing and computer vision.
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What is DIP? (cont…)
The continuum from image processing to computer vision can be
broken up into low-, mid- and high-level processes
Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process

Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: partitioning Examples: Scene

an image into objects and understanding, or
removal, image description of those making sense of
sharpening objects for classification or recognized objects.
recognition, detecting
edges etc.
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Applications
Example- Automated Text Analysis
Possible steps of DIP will be-
• Acquiring an image of the area containing the text

• Preprocessing of image
• Segmenting the individual characters
• Description of characters in a form suitable for computer
processing
• At last recognition of individual characters.
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Examples: Image Enhancement
One of the most common uses of DIP techniques:
improve quality, remove noise etc

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Examples: Artistic Effects
Artistic effects are used
to make images more
visually appealing, to
add special effects and to
make composite images
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Examples: Medicine
Take slice from MRI scan of heart, and find boundaries
between types of tissue

– Image with gray levels representing tissue density
– Use a suitable filter to highlight edges
Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

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Examples: GIS
Geographic Information Systems
– Digital image processing techniques are used extensively

to manipulate satellite imagery
– Terrain classification
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Examples: Industrial Inspection
Human operators are expensive,
slow and
unreliable
Make machines do the
job instead
Industrial vision systems
are used in all kinds of industries.
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Examples: PCB Inspection
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
– Machine inspection is used to determine that all
components are present and that all solder joints are
acceptable
– Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are
used
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Examples: Law Enforcement
Image processing techniques are
used extensively by law enforcers

– Number plate recognition for
speed cameras/automated toll
systems
– Fingerprint recognition
– Enhancement of CCTV
images
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Examples: HCI
Try to make human computer

interfaces more natural
– Face recognition
– Gesture recognition
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36 1.3 Examples of Fields That Use Digital Image Processing
• Energy of one photon

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36 1.3.1 Gamma-Ray Imaging
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36 •1.3.2 X-ray Imaging
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36
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36 1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band
MRI: magnetic resonance imaging
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36 Imaging in the Radio Band
PS. Crab Pulsar: 巨蟹座脈衝星

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1.4 Fundamental steps in Digital Image
36 Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Representation
Acquisition & Description
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
36 Image Aquisition
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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Image Acquisition-
• Process of acquiring an image

• Converting simple image into digitized image
• Involves some preprocessing like scaling etc also
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36 Image Enhancement
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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Image Enhancement-
• Highlighting certain features of interest in an image suitable
for specific application.
• It is a subjective process
Because what constitutes a good enhancement result is based
on human subjective preferences
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36 Image Restoration
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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Image Restoration
• Deals with improving the appearance of image
• It is a objective process
• Because restoration techniques based on the mathematical or
probalistic models of image degradation.
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36 Morphological Processing
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
recognition
Colour Image Image
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36 Segmentation
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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Morphological Processing
• Deals with tools for extracting image components that are
useful in image representation and description of shape.
Segmentation
• Partitioning an image into its constituent parts or objects.
• If more accurate segmentation then more succeeded
recognition is done.
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36 Object Recognition
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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Representation and Description
• Conversion of data in a form suitable for computer processing.

• Boundary representation- when focus is on external shape like
corners etc.
• Region Representation- when focus is on internal
representation like texture etc.
Object Recognition
Assigning a label to an object based on its descriptor.
50
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36 Representation & Description
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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36 Image Compression
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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36 Colour Image Processing
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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Image Compression
• Reducing storage required
• Reducing bandwidth required for transmission
Color Image Processing
• Extracting features of interest in an image

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Digital Image Processing and

Course Website: http://www.comp.dit.ie/bmacnamee

“Digital Image Processing”,

“Digital Image Processing”

“Digital Image Processing” by

• Origin of Digital Image Processing

In image processing, the term ‘image’ is used to denote the image

So the total number of bits necessary to represent the image is

Number of rows *Number of columns * Bit depth

• In Binary images, the pixels assume a value of 0 or 1.

• Grey scale images are different from binary images as they

• In true color (RGB) images, the pixel has a color that is

• A special category of color images is the indexed image. In

Pseudo color images

Like true color images, Pseudocolour images are also used

Digital image processing is an area that uses digital circuits,

Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks

Computer Vision – Use computers to emulate human vision ,

Image Analysis – means Image understanding

Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process

Examples: Noise Examples: partitioning Examples: Scene

• Acquiring an image of the area containing the text

improve quality, remove noise etc

between types of tissue

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

– Digital image processing techniques are used extensively

used extensively by law enforcers

Try to make human computer

• Energy of one photon

PS. Crab Pulsar: 巨蟹座脈衝星

• Process of acquiring an image

Representation and Description

• Conversion of data in a form suitable for computer processing.

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Number of rows Number of columns Bit depth