Lecture 1

Digital Image Processing
Dr. M. Ilyas Fakhir
Lecture-1
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References
“Digital Image Processing”, 4th Edition.

Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E.
Woods, Pearson, 2018.
– Much of the material that follows is
taken from this book
“Digital Image Processing Using
MATLAB”, 3rd Edition. Rafael C.
Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, Steven
L. Eddins, Gatesmark Publishing
2020.
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Contents
Introduction: Elements of digital image processing, Image model,
Sampling and quantization, Relationships between pixels, Image
Enhancement: Enhancement by point processing, Spatial
filtering, Enhancement in the frequency domain, Color Image
Processing, Image Segmentation: Discontinuity detection, Edge
linking and boundary detection, Thresh holding, Region oriented
segmentation, Use of motion for segmentation, Image
Registration: Introduction to image registration, Techniques of
image registration, Representation and Description: Boundary
description, Regional description, Morphological Image
Processing: Dilation and Erosion, Opening and Closing, Some
basic morphological algorithms, Extensions to gray level images,
Image Transforms: Discrete Fourier Transform, Discrete Cosine
Transform, Haar Transform, Hadamard Transform
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Objectives
• Digital image processing is among the
fastest growing computer technologies.
• This course will provide an introduction to
the theory and applications of digital
image processing.
• Introduce students to the fundamental
techniques and algorithms used for
processing and extracting useful
information from digital images.
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What is a Digital Image?
A digital image is a representation of a two-
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)
dimensional image as a finite set of digital

values, called picture elements or pixels
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What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
Pixel values typically represent gray levels,
colours, heights, opacities etc

Remember digitization implies that a digital
image is an approximation of a real scene
1 pixel
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What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
Common image formats include:
– 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
– 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
– 4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and “Alpha”,
a.k.a. Opacity)
For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale

images
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What is Digital Image Processing?
Digital image processing focuses on three
major tasks
– Improvement of pictorial information for
human interpretation
– Image processing for autonomous machine
application
– Processing of image data for storage,
transmission and representation
• Some argument about where image processing ends

and fields such as image analysis and computer
vision start
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What is Digital Image Processing?
Human perception
Employ methods able to enhance pictorial
information for human interpretation and
analysis such as:
•Noise filtering
•Content enhancement
- Contrast enhancement
- Deblurring
•Remote sensing
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What is DIP? (cont…)
The continuum from image processing to
computer vision can be broken up into low-,
mid- and high-level processes
Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process
Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: Object Examples: Scene
removal, image recognition, understanding,
sharpening segmentation autonomous navigation
In this course we will

stop here
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Image Sharpening
(a) Original Image (b) After sharpening

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Removing Noise
(a) Original Image (b) After removing noise

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Image Deblurring
(a) Original Image (b) After removing the blur

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History of Digital Image Processing
Early 1920s: One of the first applications of
digital imaging was in the news-

paper industry
– The Bartlane cable picture
transmission service Early digital image
– Images were transferred by submarine cable

between London and New York
– Pictures were coded for cable transfer and
reconstructed at the receiving end on a
telegraph printer
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History of DIP (cont…)
Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the
Bartlane system resulted in higher quality

images
– New reproduction
processes based
on photographic
techniques
– Increased number
of tones in Improved
digital image Early 15 tone digital
reproduced images image
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1960s: Improvements in computing
technology and the onset of the space race

led to a surge of work in digital image
processing
– 1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
– Such techniques were used
A picture of the moon taken
in other space missions by the Ranger 7 probe
including the Apollo landings minutes before landing
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1970s: Digital image processing begins to
be used in medical applications

– 1979: Sir Godfrey N.
Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography,
the technology behind
Computerised Axial Typical head slice CAT
Tomography (CAT) scans image
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1980s - Today: The use of digital image
processing techniques has exploded and
they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all
kinds of areas
– Image enhancement/restoration
– Artistic effects
– Medical visualisation
– Industrial inspection
– Law enforcement
– Human computer interfaces
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Applications – Imaging modalities
The electromagnetic spectrum arranged according to energy

per photon.
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Applications: Image Enhancement
One of the most common uses of DIP
techniques: improve quality, remove noise

etc
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Applications: The Hubble Telescope
Launched in 1990 the Hubble
telescope can take images of
very distant objects
However, an incorrect mirror
made many of Hubble’s
images useless
Image processing
techniques were
used to fix this
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Applications: Artistic Effects
Artistic effects are
used to make
images more
visually appealing,
to add special
effects and to make
composite images
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X-ray imaging
Applications: Medicine
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Gamma-ray imaging
Applications: Medicine (cont...)
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•Radio frequencies
•Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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Ultrasound
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3D tomography and rendering with transparencies (1)

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Human brain Cancer cell Ice Block

(128 cross-sections) (256 cross-sections) (Human brain)
(128 cryo-sections)
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Applications: Medicine
Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart,
and find boundaries between types of tissue

– Image with gray levels representing tissue
density
– Use a suitable filter to highlight edges
Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

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Applications: GIS
Geographic Information Systems
– Digital image processing techniques are used

extensively to manipulate satellite imagery
– Terrain classification
– Meteorology
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Applications: GIS (cont…)
Night-Time Lights of
the World data set

– Global inventory of
human settlement
– Not hard to imagine
the kind of analysis
that might be done
using this data
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Applications: Industrial Inspection
Human operators are
expensive, slow and

unreliable
Make machines do the
job instead
Industrial vision systems
are used in all kinds of

industries
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Applications: PCB Inspection
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
– Machine inspection is used to determine that
all components are present and that all solder
joints are acceptable
– Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging
are used
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Applications: Law Enforcement
Image processing
techniques are used

extensively by law
enforcers
– Number plate
recognition for speed
cameras/automated
toll systems
– Fingerprint recognition
– Enhancement of
CCTV images
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Applications: HCI
Try to make human
computer interfaces more
natural
– Face recognition
– Gesture recognition
Does anyone remember the
user interface from “Minority
Report”?
These tasks can be
extremely difficult
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
36 Image Aquisition
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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36 Image Enhancement
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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36 Image Restoration
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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36 Morphological Processing
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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36 Segmentation
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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36 Object Recognition
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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36 Representation & Description
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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36 Image Compression
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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36 Colour Image Processing
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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Summary
We have looked at:
– What is a digital image?
– What is digital image processing?
– History of digital image processing
– State of the art examples of digital image
processing
– Key stages in digital image processing
Next time we will start to see how it all
works…

Lecture 1

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Digital Image Processing

Dr. M. Ilyas Fakhir

“Digital Image Processing”, 4th Edition.

dimensional image as a finite set of digital

colours, heights, opacities etc

For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale

• Some argument about where image processing ends

In this course we will

(a) Original Image (b) After sharpening

(a) Original Image (b) After removing noise

(a) Original Image (b) After removing the blur

digital imaging was in the news-

– Images were transferred by submarine cable

Bartlane system resulted in higher quality

technology and the onset of the space race

be used in medical applications

The electromagnetic spectrum arranged according to energy

techniques: improve quality, remove noise

•Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

3D tomography and rendering with transparencies (1)

3D tomography and rendering with transparencies (2)

3D tomography and rendering with transparencies (3)

Human brain Cancer cell Ice Block

and find boundaries between types of tissue

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

– Digital image processing techniques are used

the World data set

expensive, slow and

are used in all kinds of

techniques are used

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