GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

Coal available for another 200 years which produces millions

of tonnes of fly ash. Solution : GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
The term geopolymer was introduced by the French Engineer
Davidovits in 1978.
It is a cement less concrete.
It is an inorganic alumino-silicate polymer made at temperature <150°C.
Alkaline liquid reacts with silicon and aluminum in by-product materials
such as fly ash and rice husk ash.

Materials required Industrial waste such as fly ash, blast furnace slag,
and Rice Husk ash (Raw materials)
Fine and Coarse aggregates – Inactive filler
Sodium silicate solution – binder
Alkali hydroxide (NaOH or KOH) – dissolution of raw materials
Superplasticizer (naphthalene sulphonate) – Water reducing agent
 Geopolymer Concrete preparation

Flyash Dry materials Mixing for manufacturing

Slump test Slump measurement Casting of concrete cubes

Flow Chart for Preparation of Geo-polymers

Fly ash Alkaline activator

NaOH + Na silicate
(water glass)

Aggregate

Storage
Geopolymeration 60-80˚C,
open air-
6-12 hours open atmosphere
atmosphere

Procedure used for the preparation of geopolymer

materials
 Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC)
The fibers can be broadly classified as
1. Metallic fibers
2. Polymeric fibers
3. Mineral fibers
4. Naturally occurring fibers

Metallic fibers are made of either Steel or Stainless steel.

The polymeric fibers in use include Acrylic, Carbon, Aramid,

Nylon, Polyester, Polyethylene and Polypropylene fibers.

Glass fiber (E-glass, AR Glass), is the predominantly used

mineral fiber.

Bamboo, Coconut, Flax Jute, Sisal, Sugarcane, Asbestos, Wood

cellulose
Steel Fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC)
Steel Fibers
 SFRC - APPLICATIONS

FRC Runway

Pre cast FRC Wall Cladding

FRC Retaining Wall
 Ready Mix Concrete (RMC)

The inside of a transit mixer uses

a simple archimedes screw to mix
and to lift the concrete to the
delivery chute.
 Micro Concreting
Free flow, non-shrink cementitious grout

Small sized coarse aggregate are used in

appropriate proportion

Since small sized aggregates are used, it

is termed as micro concrete

Characterized by high strength, flowable,

and compatible with conventional concrete
 Lightweight Concrete
Lightweight concretes can either be Lightweight Aggregate
concrete, Foamed concrete or Autoclaved Aerated concrete (AAC).

Natural materials like volcanic pumice

The thermal treatment of natural raw materials like clay, slate or
shale
Manufacture from industrial by-products such as fly ash, i.e. Lytag
Processing of industrial by-products like FBA or slag

Reduction in dead loads.

Improved thermal properties.
Improved fire resistance.
Savings in transporting and handling precast units on site.
Reduction in formwork and propping

No-fines Concrete , Foamed Concrete, Sprayed Concrete, High

Performance Concrete, Roller Compacted Concrete, Water Resistant
Concrete etc.
 Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC)

.
Addition of superplasticiser and a stabiliser to the
concrete mix to significantly increase the ease and
rate of flow

Self-consolidating concrete or also known as self-

compacting concrete highly flowable

Non-segregating concrete that can spread into place

Fill formwork and encapsulate even the most

congested reinforcement, all without any mechanical
vibration
 Self-Compacting Concrete
SCC mixes must meet three key properties:
Ability to flow into and completely fill intricate and complex forms under its own weight.
Ability to pass through and bond to congested reinforcement under its own weight.
High resistance to aggregate segregation.

SCC offers many advantages for the precast, prestressed concrete industry and for cast-in-place construction:
Low noise-level in the plants and construction sites.
Eliminated problems associated with vibration.
Less labor involved.
Faster construction.
Improved quality and durability.
Higher strength.
Self-Compacting Concrete
 Self-Compacting Concrete
Examples of SCC Mixes in Japan
Structural Properties of SCC
Ingredients Mix
Items SCC
Water, kg 175 Water-binder ratio (%) 25 to 40
Portland Cement Type, kg 530 Air content (%) 4.5-6.0
Fly Ash, kg 70
Compressive strength 40 to 80
Ground Granulated Blast 0 (age: 28 days) (MPa)
Furnace Slag, kg
Compressive strength 55 to 100
Silica Fume, kg 0
(age: 91 days) (MPa)
Fine Aggregate, kg 751
Splitting tensile 2.4 to 4.8
Coarse Aggregate, kg 789
strength (age:28 days)
(MPa)
*HRWR, kg 9.0
Elastic modulus (GPa) 30 to 36
**VMA, kg 0
Shrinkage strain (x 10-6) 600 to 800
Slump Flow Test -
Diam. of Spread, mm

* HRWR = High-range water reducing admixture.

** VMA = Viscosity-modifying admixture
Requirements for high strength self-compacting concrete

Testing Items Unit Spec.

Fresh concrete
Slump Flow (mm) 600 or 650
Flow time until 500mm (sec.) 3 to 15
U type filling capacity (mm) min.300
V type Funnel flow time (sec.) 8 to 15

Air content (%) 4.5

Chloride ion content (kg/m3) max.0.3
Hardened concrete
Compressive strength MPa 50
 HPFRCCs
High Performance Fiber Reinforced
Cementitious Composites
Two types:
1.SIFCON (Slurry Infiltrated Fiberous Concrete)
2.SIMCON (Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete)

Parallel to HPC and also gives

Improved
Toughness, Ductility, Corrosion Resistance
& Energy absorption capacity