LTE Air Interface Course: 1 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Introduction
LTE Air Interface Course
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Module Objectives
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
• Recall the LTE key aspects, benefits and applications

• Introduce LTE FDD and TDD commonalities and differences
• List the LTE/SAE main requirements
• Underline the LTE/SAE key features
• Review the LTE network architecture
• Review the LTE air interface key features
• Introduce the main 3GPP specifications
• List the key features in LTE advanced

Introduction
Overview
Requirements
• Delay & QoS
• Throughput & data rates
• Spectrum
LTE/ SAE key features
• Network architecture
• LTE Air Interface
Specification
LTE-Advanced in 3GPP Release 10

Schedule for 3GPP Releases
Focus of this course is on
Release 8 UMTS!
Specification
MBMS IMS Evolution LTE

IMS WLAN IW LTE Studies
HSDPA HSUPA iHSPA
UMTS Rel 99/4 UMTS Rel 5 UMTS Rel 6 UMTS Rel 7 UMTS Rel 8
2000 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 year
LTE
HSUPA
Commercial IMS
HSDPA
UMTS WCDMA

Summary of Capabilities & Benefits of LTE/EPC
 Fully packet-oriented mobile  Maximised exploitation of frequency

broadband network providing: Resources
 Peak data rates of 100 Mbps (DL)  Supports flexible frequency
bandwidths
 Peak data rates of 50 Mbps (UL)
 by means of OFDM, MIMO, HARQ etc.
 Very low latency
an outstanding spectrum efficiency
 Seamless and lossless handover can be achieved
 Sophisticated QoS to support
important real time applications  Extended Interworking Functionality
such as voice, video and  seamless mobility with other 3GPP
interactive gaming access systems (UMTS, GPRS),
 Support for terminal speeds of with 3GPP2/cdma2000
150-500 Km/h
 Cell ranges of up to 100 Km.  Reduced Terminal Complexity
 Specific transmission schemes
 Reduced cost per bit  Minimize power consumption
 Simplified Architecture
 All IP

LTE FDD and TDD Modes
Bandwidth Bandwidth t
t Bandwidth
up to 20MHz up to 20MHz up to 20MHz
Uplink
Uplink Downlink
Guard
Period
Downlink
f f
Duplex Frequency

FDD and TDD modes (2/2)
FDD and TDD modes Harmonisation FDD and TDD modes

(commonalities) differences
FDD and TDD mode included FDD developed in the paired 3GPP
together in the same spectrum
specification
TDD developed in the unpaired
Same radio interface schemes 3GPP spectrum
for both uplink and downlink
Small differences in the physical
Same subframe formats channels design
Same network architecture Different frame formats
Same air interface protocols FDD mode has commonalities with

3G UMTS
Same physical channels
procedures TDD mode has commonalities with
TD-SCDMA (developed in China)
In this course both FDD and

TDD modes will be
discussed
Introduction
Overview
Requirements
• Delay & QoS
• Spectrum
Specification

Requirement Input for LTE/EPC
Requirements Input Requirements outout
Demand for higher • significantly increased downlink bit rates (>150

Mbps);
data rates
Demand for quality of • significantly increased uplink bit rates (>50 Mbps);
service, lower delay
• increased cell edge bit rates;

Expected new spectrum
allocations • low delay;
Request for flexible

• higher spectrum efficiency;
bandwidth usage
• scalable bandwidth per cell (operator choice);
• acceptable terminal complexity and costs (lower than

Demand for reduced WCDMA);
terminal complexity
• optimization for low speed (0-15 km/h) but support for
high and highest speed (up to 500 km/h);
….

Requirement: Latency and Signal Performance
User Plane Latency
cell IP Network
Gateway
< 5 ms (unloaded condition)
Control Plane Latency

ACTIVE
IDLE
(no resources)
Resource
No resource
Allocated
< 100 ms < 50 ms

Requirement: Spectrum Usage
LTE/SAE Targets
UL DL
Peak Bit Rate > 50 > 150

(Mbps)
Spectral 2..3 times 3..4 times
Efficiency HSUPA HSDPA
(bps/Hz/s)
Cell Edge 2..3 times 2..3 times

Throughput HSUPA HSDPA
(bps/Hz/s)
DOWNLINK
UPLINK

LTE UE Categories
• All categories support 20 MHz

• 64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink (except Class 5)
• 2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5
Peak rate DL/UL 10/5 Mbps 50/25 Mbps 100/50 Mbps 150/50 Mbps 300/75 Mbps
RF bandwidth 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz
Modulation DL 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM
Modulation UL 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM
Rx diversity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
BTS Tx diversity 1-4 Tx 1-4 Tx 1-4 Tx 1-4 Tx 1-4 Tx
MIMO DL Optional 2x2 2x2 2x2 4x4

LTE Paired Frequency Bands in 3GPP (FDD)
Total [MHz] Uplink [MHz] Downlink [MHz] Europe Japan Americas
1 2x60 1920-1980 2110-2170 UMTS core
2 2x60 1850-1910 1930-1990 US PCS
3 2x75 1710-1785 1805-1880 1800
4 2x45 1710-1755 2110-2155 US AWS
5 2x25 824-849 869-894 US 850
6 2x10 830-840 875-885 Japan 800
7 2x70 2500-2570 2620-2690 2600
8 2x35 880-915 925-960 900
9 2x35 1749.9-1784.9 1844.9-1879.9 Japan 1700
10 2x60 1710-1770 2110-2170 Extended AWS*
11 2x25 1427.9-1452.9 1475.9-1500.9 Japan 1500
12 2x18 698-716 728-746 US700
13 2x10 777-787 746-756 US700
14 2x10 788-798 758-768 US700
xx 2x30? 790-820 832-862? UHF (TV)
13 © Nokia Siemens Networks *AWS = Advanced Wireless Spectrum , in Canada

LTE Unpaired Frequency Bands in 3GPP (TDD)
Uplink and
Total downlink
Band [MHz] [MHz] 3GPP Name
33 1x20 1900-1920 UMTS TDD1

34 1x15 2010-2025 UMTS TDD2
35 1x60 1850-1910 US 1900 UL
36 1x60 1930-1960 US 1900 DL
37 1x20 1910-1930 US 1900
38 1x50 2570-2620 2600
39 1x40 1880-1920 UMTS TDD
40 1x100 2300-2400 2300

Frequency Deployment – Possible Scenarios
Urban
2.6 GHz LTE
2.1 GHz UMTS
or
2.6 GHz LTE
LTE
2.1 GHz UMTS
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Rural
900 MHz GSM UMTS
LTE
or
900 MHz GSM LTE
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Introduction
Overview
Requirements
• Delay & QoS
• Spectrum
Specification

LTE/EPC Key Features
EPS ( Evolved Packet System ) /
SAE ( System Architecture Evolution ) /
LTE ( Long Term Evolution )
EUTRAN IP Network
( Evolved UTRAN )
EPC ( Evolved Packet Core )
IP Network
IP Network
OFDMA/SC-FDMA
MIMO ( beam-forming/ Evolved Node B / PS Domain only,
spatial multiplexing) No RNC No CS Domain
HARQ IP Transport Layer IP Transport Layer
Scalable bandwidth UL/DL resource QoS Aware
(1.4, 3, 5, 10, .. 20 MHz) scheduling 3GPP (GTP) or
QoS Aware IETF (MIPv6)
Self Configuration Prepared for
Non-3GPP Access
Introduction
Overview
Requirements
• Delay & QoS
• Spectrum
Specification

Network Architecture Evolution
HSPA Direct tunnel I-HSPA LTE
HSPA R6 HSPA R7 HSPA R7 LTE R8
GGSN GGSN GGSN SAE GW
SGSN SGSN SGSN MME/SGSN
RNC RNC
Evolved
Node B (NB) Node B +
Node B (NB) Node B
RNC (eNB)
Functionality
• Flat architecture: single network element in user plane in User plane

radio network and core network Control Plane

Evolved Packet System (EPS) Architecture -
Subsystems
• The EPS architecture goal is to optimize the system for packet data transfer.
• There are no circuit switched components. The EPS architecture is made up of:
– EPC: Evolved Packet Core, also referred as SAE FDD and TDD Architecture
– eUTRAN: Radio Access Network, also referred as LTE Harmonisation:
No difference between FDD
and TDD mode regarding the
EPS Architecture network architecture!
LTE or eUTRAN SAE or EPC
• EPC provides access to

external packet IP networks
and performs a number of
CN related functions (e.g.
QoS, security, mobility and
terminal context
management) for idle and
active terminals
• eUTRAN performs all radio
interface related functions

LTE/SAE Network Elements
Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs.: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)
HSS
eNB Mobility
Management
Entity Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
S6a Policy & Charging

Rule Function
MME S10
X2
S7 Rx+
PCRF
S11
S1-U S5/S8 SGi

PDN
LTE-Uu Serving PDN
Evolved Node B
Gateway Gateway
(eNB)
LTE-UE
SAE
Gateway
NOTE: Interface names are from draft specification and may not be the final interface names.

Introduction
Overview
Requirements
• Delay & QoS
• Spectrum
Specification

LTE Air Interface Key Features
TX RX
Fast Link Adaptation 64QAM MIMO Advanced Scheduling
due to channel behaviour Modulation Tx Channel Rx Time & Freq.
scalable Short TTI = 1 ms

Transmission
time interval
HARQ Automatic
Repeat Request
DL: OFDMA
UL: SC-FDMA
OFDM is the state-of-the-art and most efficient and robust air

interface and could be used for both FDD and TDD modes
Introduction
Overview
Requirements
• Delay & QoS
• Spectrum
Specification

3GPP List of
Specification Series
FDD and TDD Specification

Harmonisation:
The TDD mode is included
together with the FDD mode
in the same set of
specifications !
36 Series contains most

part of LTE related
specifications for Radio

LTE Air Interface Specifications
The LTE radio interface is standardised in the 36-series of 3GPP

Release 8. The detailed physical layer structure is described in five
physical layer specifications.
LTE is standardised in the 36-series of 3GPP Release 8:

TS 36.1xx Equipment requirements (terminals, eNodeB)
TS 36.2xx Layer 1 (physical layer) specifications
TS 36.3xx Layer 2 and 3 specifications
TS 36.4xx Network signalling specifications
TS 36.5xx User equipment conformance testing
Physical layer specifications:

SC-FDMA
OFDMA
TS 36.201 Physical layer; General description
TS 36.211 Physical channels and modulation
Subcarriers TS 36.212 Multiplexing and channel coding
eNodeB
TS 36.213 Physical layer procedures
TS 36.214 Physical layer; Measurements
Frequency

Introduction
Overview
Requirements
• Delay & QoS
• Spectrum
Specification

LTE: Status before beginning LTE-A
• 3GPP had finalized the LTE specifications for Release 8 and 9
• LTE key features:
– OFDMA in downlink and DFT-S-OFDMA (aka SC-FDMA) in uplink.
– Bandwidths ranging from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz.
– Both TDD and FDD modes are supported.
– Optimized for macro cells, works even with very high mobility.
– Channel-aware scheduling in both time and frequency domain
– Uplink power control for reduction of inter-cell interference.
– Fast CQI based link adaptation, Turbo coding utilized together with Hybrid ARQ
retransmissions.
– Up to 4x4 single-user MIMO support in downlink (no SU-MIMO support in uplink):
 Open-loop spatial multiplexing, closed-loop precoded spatial multiplexing, rank-1 beamforming
and transmit diversity supported.
– Multi-user MIMO supported both in uplink and downlink.
• With these features, LTE Release 8 supports peak data rates exceeding 300
Mbit/s in DL and 75Mbit/s in UL, and a cell average spectral efficiency gain of
x 2-3 over HSPA Release 6
Why do we now talk about LTE-Advanced?
• During 2008 ITU submitted a request for radio Interface Technologies (RIT)
candidates for IMT-Advanced. Submission deadline was October 2009.
• ITU requires “enhanced peak data rates” for IMT-Advanced:

– 100 Mbit/s for high mobility
– 1 Gbit/s for low mobility
• In March 2008 3GPP has started a new Study Item on LTE-Advanced to enhance
LTE to fulfill all IMT-Advanced requirements and to become IMT-Advanced
candidate
• The 1st technical 3GPP workshop on LTE-Advanced took place in April 2008
• 3GPP specifications for LTE-Advanced included in 3GPP Release 10

Standardisation Schedule For IMT/LTE-Advanced
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

WP5D #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11
Spectrum
ITU-R
meetings
identified Circular letter Proposals Initial technology
to invite
WRC-07 proposals Evaluation submission of
Agreed on requirements for
Consensus
IMT-Advanced LTE-Advanced
Specification
Circular
SDOs letter Complete
Submission of
Individual Release 10
Agreed on LTE-Advanced submission incl.
candidate RIT
members self-evaluation of
requirementsSpecification to
etc.
be approved LTE-Advanced
3GPP RAN Technical

#38 #39#40 #41 #42 #43#44 #45 #46 #47 #48 #49 #50 #51 #52 #53
WS 2nd WS specifications
LTE-Advanced Study item Work item
LTE CR phase Study item approved in 3GPP

LTE becomes LTE-Advanced with 3GPP Rel 10
LTE-Advanced Goals
LTE-A fulfills or exceeds the requirements of Meet and exceed capabilities requested
IMT-Advanced defined by ITU for IMT-Advanced
Meet 3GPP operators’ requirements for

LTE evolution
Mobility
Enhance macro network performance
Enable efficient use of small cells
More Bandwidth available
Able to achieve higher data rates ( up to

1 Gbps in downlink for stationary
users)
Enhance the coverage by increasing

Data rates data rates on the cell edge
Backward compatibility

System Performance Requirements
Peak data rate

• 1 Gbps data rate will be achieved by 4-by-4 MIMO and transmission
bandwidth wider than approximately 70 MHz
Peak spectrum efficiency
• DL: Rel. 8 LTE satisfies IMT-Advanced requirement
• UL: Need to double from Release 8 to satisfy IMT-Advanced requirement
Rel. 8 LTE LTE-Advanced IMT-Advanced
DL 300 Mbps 1 Gbps
Peak data rate 1 Gbps(*)
UL 75 Mbps 500 Mbps
Peak spectrum efficiency DL 15 30 15
[bps/Hz]
UL 3.75 15 6.75
*“100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility” is one of the key features as written in Circular
Letter (CL)

System Performance Requirements (Cont’d)
Capacity and cell-edge user throughput

• Target for LTE-Advanced was set considering gain of 1.4 to 1.6 from Release 8 LTE performance
Ant. Config. Rel. 8 LTE*1 LTE-Advanced*2 IMT-Advanced*3

Capacity DL 2-by-2 1.69 2.4 –
[bps/Hz/cell]
4-by-2 1.87 2.6 2.2
x1.4-1.6
4-by-4 2.67 3.7 –
UL 1-by-2 0.74 1.2 –
2-by-4 – 2.0 1.4
Cell-edge user DL 2-by-2 0.05 0.07 –
throughput
[bps/Hz/cell/user] 4-by-2 0.06 0.09 0.06
4-by-4 0.08 0.12 –
UL 1-by-2 0.024 0.04 –
2-by-4 – 0.07 0.03
*1 See TR25.912(Case 1 scenario) *2 See TR36.913(Case 1 scenario)
*3 See ITU-R M.2135(Base Coverage Urban scenario)

Other Important Requirements
Spectrum flexibility
• Actual available spectra are different according to each region or country
• In 3GPP, various deployment scenarios for spectrum allocation are being taken into consideration in
feasibility study
Total 12 scenarios are identified with highest priority

Tx BWs No. of Component Carriers (CCs) Bands Duplex
UL: 40 MHz UL: Contiguous 2x20 MHz CCs
1 3.5 GHz band FDD
DL: 80 MHz DL: Contiguous 4x20 MHz CCs
2 100 MHz Contiguous 5x20 MHz CCs Band 40 (2.3 GHz) TDD
3 100 MHz Contiguous 5x20 MHz CCs 3.5 GHz band TDD
UL: 40 MHz UL: Non-contiguous 20 + 20 MHz CCs
4 3.5 GHz band FDD
DL: 80 MHz DL: Non-contiguous 2x20 + 2x20 MHz CCs
UL: 10 MHz
5 UL/DL: Non-contiguous 5 MHz + 5 MHz CCs Band 8 (900 MHz) FDD
DL: 10 MHz
6 80 MHz Non-contiguous 2x20 + 2x20 MHz CCs Band 38 (2.6 GHz) TDD
• Support for flexible deployment scenarios including downlink/uplink asymmetric bandwidth allocation
for FDD and non-contiguous spectrum allocation

Other Important Requirements (Cont’d)
LTE-Advanced will be deployed as an evolution of LTE Release 8 and

on new bands.
LTE-Advanced shall be backwards compatible with LTE Release 8 in
the sense that
• a LTE Release 8 terminal can work in an LTE-Advanced NW,
• an LTE-Advanced terminal can work in an LTE Release 8 NW
Increased deployment of indoor eNB and HNB in LTE-Advanced.

Technology Evolution Enables LTE-Advanced
Baseband
More
processing
Multiband spectrum
capability
UE and BTS
capability
Multiple
Carrier aggregation power
MIMO amplifiers in
enhancements UE
4-8 antennas
in UE CoMP Multi-
Heterogeneous antenna BTS
networks site
Optical
transport Relays
availability Low cost
LTE-A small BTS
LTE-Advanced benefits from technology evolution in

baseband and RF area, availability of new spectrum and
optical fiber transport

LTE-Advanced:
First features standardized in 3GPP Release10
Key aspects in • Carrier Bandwidth extension by carrier aggregation
Carrier Aggregation
3GPP Rel.10 • Downlink: Up to 100 MHz bandwidth with 2 Release 8
….. carriers from different frequency bands
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier n • Uplink: Only single band carrier aggregation
8x MIMO 4x • New codebook for downlink (DL) 8TX MIMO

• Feedback enhancements for DL 2TX/4TX Multiuser MIMO
• 2TX/4TX Uplink Single/Multiuser MIMO
Coordinated Multipoint • Coordinated multipoint transmission (CoMP), also
known as cooperative system
• Receiving transmission from multiple sectors (not
necessary visible for UE)
Relaying
• Single Relay Node architecture based on self-backhauling eNB
Heterogeneous
networks • Simple intercell interference coordination in time domain
• Enhancements for office Femto handovers

Bandwidth Extension by Carrier Aggregation
Key aspects in Carrier Aggregation

3GPP Rel.10
…..  up to 100 MHz
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier n  Flexible component carrier aggregation
 different frequency bands
8x MIMO 4x
 asymmetric in UL/DL
Component Carrier
Mobility (LTE rel. 8 Carrier)
20 MHz 10 MHz
Coordinated Multipoint
Aggregated BW: 30MHz
20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz
Relaying
in June 2009
Aggregated BW: 5x20MHz = 100MHz
300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps

Heterogeneous
networks
1.5Gbps

Carrier Aggregation (CA)
• High peak data rate of 1 Gbps in downlink and 500 Mbps in uplink can be
achieved with bandwidth extension from 20 MHz up to 100 MHz.
• Backwards compatibility to Release 8 by combining N Release 8 component
carriers to N x LTE bandwidth, for example 5 x 20 MHz = 100 MHz
• Old LTE terminals use one carrier, new ones all N
LTE-Advanced maximum bandwidth

Both contiguous and
non-contiguous CA
Rel’8 BW Rel’8 BW Rel’8 BW Rel’8 BW Rel’8 BW
is supported offering
improved spectrum
flexibility (e.g. for
Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Carrier 3 Carrier 4 Carrier 5
refarming).
CA also offers opportunities

for autonomous interference
management schemes –
especially relevant for
heterogeneous networks.

MIMO Extension

3GPP Rel.10
…..
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier n
8x MIMO 4x
Relaying
Heterogeneous
networks

LTE-A Peak Data Rates with MIMO Extension Assuming
2x20 MHz Carrier Aggregation
UE Downlink [Mbps] Uplink [Mbps]

antennas
8 1102
1 Gbps target for

The larger data rate
DL is exceeded with
for UL is due to less
8x8 and 40 MHz
overhead
bandwidth
555
4
610
64QAM with
The 500 Mbps maximum effective
304 target for uplink is code rate of 9/10 is
exceeded with 4x4 assumed for both
2 and 40 MHz uplink and downlink.
305
bandwidth Data rate scales
linearly with number
161 of component
carriers.
1
152
eNB
1 2 4 8 antennas

Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP)

3GPP Rel.10
…..
8x MIMO 4x
 Cooperation of antennas of
multiple sectors / sites
 Interference free
Relaying
by coordinated
transmission /
reception
 Highest
Heterogeneous performance
networks potential
Service Area

Relaying

3GPP Rel.10
…..
8x MIMO 4x
 Fast deployment
 Coverage with low
infrastructure costs
Relaying
Heterogeneous
networks

Heterogeneous Network

3GPP Rel.10
…..
8x MIMO 4x
Heterogeneous Networks – The

Coordinated Multipoint Combined Benefit of Wide & Local Area
Wide Area sites
Medium Medium
Relaying area sites area sites
Local Local Local Local Local

area area area area area
Heterogeneous WLAN WLAN

networks
WLAN
WLAN
WLAN

Heterogeneous Networks – The Combined Benefit
of Wide & Local Area
Majority of cell sites today
Wide Area sites • > 300 m
Macro
• > 5 W output power

Medium Medium Share of sites growing
area sites area sites • 100 – 300 m Micro
• 1–5W
Local Local Local Local Local Share will grow in future
area area area area area • 10 – 100 m,
• < 500 mW Pico, Femto
License exempt growing &

WLAN WLAN Secondary services emerging
• 10-100 m Access
• < 100 mW Points
WLAN WLAN
WLAN
Benefits of Multi-Layer Deployment Tradeoffs involved with Multi-Layer

• Coverage improvement from local area cells • Co-channel deployment needs no additional
in edge or shadowed regions spectrum but creates interference between
• Capacity increase from more transmission the layers and within the same layer >> this
points in a given area interference needs to be controlled for QoS
LTE-A Improving the Radio Performance
Peak rate Average rate Cell edge rate Coverage (noise

(capacity) (interference) limited)
Carrier aggregation ++ + ++ +
MIMO enhancements1 ++ ++ ++ o
(o) (+) (+)
CoMP2 o + + ++
Heterogeneous o ++ ++ +
networks
Relays o o + ++
= clear gain = moderate gain

LTE-Advanced Summary
Requirements Technology Building Blocks Beyond 3GPP Rel 10
• Exceeds all ITU-R requirements • Cooperative Transmission • Flexible Spectrum Use
and meets time line • Relaying • New Spectral Territory
• Fulfilling 3GPP requirements • Enhanced MIMO, Beamforming • D2D communication
• Smooth evolution path from LTE • Carrier Aggregation • …
3GPP Standardization Self Organizing Networks

• Starting with Release 10 • Auto-Configuration
• Study Item in final phase • Auto-Tuning
• ITU-R submission • Auto-Repair
• LTE-A meets all requirements
Timing Operator Benefits Nokia Siemens Networks

• 2010 LTE 3GPP R9 gets ready • Full backwards compatibility • Frontrunner in LTE
• 2011 ITU will select RITs • Future proof long term evolution • World class Research
• 2011 R10 gets cast in stone • extreme efficiency • ONE multi-radio access
• 2014+ 1st networks with LTE-A

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Introduction

LTE Air Interface Course

1 © Nokia Siemens Networks

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

• Recall the LTE key aspects, benefits and applications

2 © Nokia Siemens Networks

3 © Nokia Siemens Networks

MBMS IMS Evolution LTE

2000 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 year

4 © Nokia Siemens Networks

 Fully packet-oriented mobile  Maximised exploitation of frequency

5 © Nokia Siemens Networks

6 © Nokia Siemens Networks

FDD and TDD modes Harmonisation FDD and TDD modes

Same network architecture Different frame formats

Same air interface protocols FDD mode has commonalities with

In this course both FDD and

8 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Requirements Input Requirements outout

Demand for higher • significantly increased downlink bit rates (>150

• increased cell edge bit rates;

Request for flexible

• scalable bandwidth per cell (operator choice);

• acceptable terminal complexity and costs (lower than

9 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Control Plane Latency

< 100 ms < 50 ms

10 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Peak Bit Rate > 50 > 150

Cell Edge 2..3 times 2..3 times

11 © Nokia Siemens Networks

• All categories support 20 MHz

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5

RF bandwidth 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz

Modulation DL 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

Modulation UL 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM

Rx diversity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

BTS Tx diversity 1-4 Tx 1-4 Tx 1-4 Tx 1-4 Tx 1-4 Tx

MIMO DL Optional 2x2 2x2 2x2 4x4

12 © Nokia Siemens Networks

13 © Nokia Siemens Networks *AWS = Advanced Wireless Spectrum , in Canada

33 1x20 1900-1920 UMTS TDD1

14 © Nokia Siemens Networks

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

900 MHz GSM LTE

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

15 © Nokia Siemens Networks

16 © Nokia Siemens Networks

18 © Nokia Siemens Networks

GGSN GGSN GGSN SAE GW

SGSN SGSN SGSN MME/SGSN

• Flat architecture: single network element in user plane in User plane

19 © Nokia Siemens Networks

• EPC provides access to

20 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)

S6a Policy & Charging

S1-U S5/S8 SGi

21 © Nokia Siemens Networks

22 © Nokia Siemens Networks

scalable Short TTI = 1 ms

OFDM is the state-of-the-art and most efficient and robust air

24 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Ant. Config. Rel. 8 LTE1 LTE-Advanced2 IMT-Advanced*3